Animated Dictionnary Definition

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative charge as the result of having lost or gained one or more electrons.
A cation is positively charged (it has lost one or more electrons), while an anion is negatively charged (it has gained one or more electrons).

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2Can ebi tutorials: Learn how to use the tools at the EBI to find out more about your nucleotide or protein sequences. You will be guided through a series of exercises using sample fragments of sequence. To gain more information about these sequences, you will use a variety of tools to compare the sequences to databases and analyse them.
2Can Support Portal: This site provides short and concise introductions to basic concepts in molecular and cell biology and bioinformatics. The main emphasis is placed on making it as easy as possible for the user to understand which tools and databases are available from the EBI and from sites belonging to its collaborators
A comparison of methods for differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data: We conducted an extensive comparison of eleven methods for differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data. All methods are freely available within the R framework and take as input a matrix of counts, i.e. the number of reads mapping to each genomic feature of interest in each of a number of samples. We evaluate the methods based on both simulated data and real RNA-seq data.
A friendly statistics package for microarray analysis: The friendly statistics package for microarray analysis (FSPMA) is a tool that aims to fill the gap between simple to use and powerful analysis. FSPMA is a platform-independent R-package that allows efficient exploration of microarray data without the need for computer programming. (Journal Article)
A Gene Map of the Human Genome: The Human Genome Project is expected to produce a sequence of DNA representing the functional blueprint and evolutionary history of the human species. However, only about 3% of this sequence is thought to specify the portions of our 50,000 to 100,000 genes that encode proteins. '
A New Gene Map of the Human Genome: This new gene map represents such an index as it includes the locations, within this text, of more than 30,000 genes and provides an early glimpse of some of the most important pieces of the genome. Even more importantly, the map can be immediately applied by scientists to the identification and isolation of genes that either directly cause human ailments or increase our susceptibility to disease.
A primer to phylogenetic analysis using Phylip package: The purpose of this tutorial is to demonstrate how to use Phylip, a collection of phylogenetic analysis software, and some of the options that are available. This tutorial is not intented to be a course in phylogenetics, although some phylogenetic concepts will be discussed briefly.
A quick introduction to elements of biology - cells, molecules, genes, functional genomics, microarrays: This is a brief introduction to molecular biology with emphasis on genomics and bioinformatics. It is intended for scientists, engineers, computer programmers, or anybody with background or strong interest in science, but without background in biology, and first of all for those joining the EBI . On one hand we have tried to distil the content down to the absolute minimum needed to make some sense of bioinformatics, while on the other to leave in enough to show why it is interesting.
A Web of On-line Dictionaries: Now linked to more than 400 dictionaries of over 130 different languages
Abcam: Abcam is the world's number one website for buying and selling antibody reagents. Abcam's mission is to provide a complete antibody location service for researchers that will enable them to find the right antibody for their needs, whoever the supplier, in just a few minutes.
Access Excellence Classic Collection : The Structure of DNA: What is the Classic Collection? A number of people and events have undoubtedly changed and defined the face of scientific knowledge. The Classic Collection, an ongoing series, examines these people and events. Each chapter in the collection focuses on a single person or event by putting it into historical context and relating it to current science. Included in each unit is a set of suggested references, classroom activities, graphics, background paper and more.
Acclaim scientists: Acclaim is a national programme of activity which seeks to increase the public recognition and appreciation of leading scientific research and the achievement of scientists in Britain today.
Advisory unit (the): Computers in education: The Advisory Unit is an independent organisation offering IT services and educational software to schools. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive service to help teachers use computers effectively.
AgBioTechNet: AgBiotechNet, the online service for agricultural biotechnology, delivers an exciting range of content on plant and animal biotechnology. It provides easy access to information on cloning, genomics, genetic engineering, in vitro culture, biosafety, intellectual property rights and all key issues in agricultural biotechnology through news, reviews, abstracts reports, links, book chapters and much more.
AGRIS: AGRIS is the international information system for the agricultural sciences and technology. The system identifies worldwide literature (both conventional and non-conventional; the so-called \\\\
Aiglon College, Switzerland: The Multi-Cultural British Boarding School in the Swiss Alps, providing a world-class English-style residential education for 300 boys and girls aged 9-18 from 53 nations.
AIGO: Analysis and Intercomparison of Gene Ontology functional annotations : AIGO is a Python library for the Analysis and Inter-comparison of Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotations (FA).
Algorithms for Phylogenetic Reconstructions: These lecture notes are the result of a series of lectures given by Martin Vingron (MPI/FU Berlin) and Jens Stoye (Bielefeld University) and a practical course by Hannes Luz (MPI, Berlin). As the title implies, the focus of these notes is on ideas and algorithmic methods that are applied when evolutionary relationships are to be reconstructed from molecular sequences or other species related data. Biological aspects like the molecular basis of evolution or methods of data acquisition and data preparation are not included. (PDF)
Align against Greengenes (16S): Use this tool for aligning your set of 16S rRNA gene sequences using NAST or for finding near-neighbors or both. Each query sequence in your uploaded file will be searched for 16S rRNA gene sequences and aligned according to a Core Set of alignment templates. You can even upload a whole fasta genome and NAST will find, extract, and align the 16S rRNA genes for you. Additionally, Simrank (an N-mer comparison tool) will be used to find nearest-neighbors (non-chimeric) as well as nearest-isolates for each of your sequences from the entire Greengenes database...
All Species Inventory: If we discovered life on another planet, the first thing we would do is conduct a systematic inventory of that planet's life. This is something we have never done on our home planet. The aim of the All Species Inventory is simple: within the span of our own generation, record and genetically sample every living species of life on Earth.
Amino Acid Repository (the): The IMB Jena Image Library of Biological Macromolecules contains visual and other information on three-dimensional biopolymer structures.
An introduction to photosynthesis: This introduction to photosynthesis has appeared in condensed form in the magazine "The World & I" (March 1998 issue, pages 158-165) and was written by Wim Vermaas (wim@asu.edu).
Anatomy of a Comparative Gene Expression Study: DNA microarrays are perfectly suited for comparing gene expression in different populations of cells. The hows and whys of such an experiment provide insight into the power of microarrays, their limitations, and the kinds of biological questions which they can help to answer...
Antibody Resource Page: This site provides the following Antibody information: Educational Resources about Antibodies Online Databanks/Databases Online Journals Online Companies that Sell Antibodies Custom Antibody Suppliers How to Find an Antibody Antibody Gallery Miscellaneous Biotechnology Sites Antibody News
Applied BioSystems - GeneScan (R) Analysis Software: GeneScan® Analysis software is the foundation of the ABI PRISM® genotyping software suite. Designed for any fragment analysis application, GeneScan software analyzes the raw data collected from ABI PRISM® instruments and automatically identifies, quantitates, and sizes each DNA fragment.
Arabidopsis Reactome: Arabidopsis Reactome is a curated database of biological processes in Arabidopsis. It covers biological pathways ranging from the basic processes of metabolism to high-level processes such as hormonal signalling. While Arabidopsis Reactome is targeted at Arabidopsis pathways, it also includes many individual biochemical reactions from other plant species. This makes the database relevant to the large number of researchers who work on model organisms. All the information in Arabidopsis Reactome is backed up by its provenance: either a literature citation or an electronic inference based on sequence similarity. Our ontology ensures that the various events are linked in an appropriate spatial and temporal context.
Argosphere: ArgoSphere is a collection of children\'s activities representing a hyperjump in education on the Internet. Its aim is to give children something to do rather than passively trawl through page after page of information. It is ideal for children at both home and school. The facility to download individual activities onto hard disc means that phone charges and on-line time are kept to a minimum while graphics are loaded at lightning speed.
Arlequin 3.0: The goal of Arlequin is to provide the average user in population genetics with quite a large set of basic methods and statistical tests, in order to extract information on genetic and demographic features of a collection of population samples. The graphical interface is designed to allow users to rapidly select the different analyses they want to perform on their data. We felt important to be able to explore the data, to analyze several times the same data set from different perspectives, with different selected options. The statistical tests implemented in Arlequin have been chosen such as to minimize hidden assumptions and to be as powerful as possible. Thus, they often take the form of either permutation tests or exact tests, with some exceptions. Finally, we wanted Arlequin to be able to handle genetic data under many different forms, and to try to carry out the same types of analyses irrespective of the format of the data.
ArrayExpress Database: the European Bioinformatics Institute is committed to establishing a public repository for microarray based gene expression data, named ArrayExpress. Currently the EBI is establishing a pilot database containing microarray gene expression data that are available publicly.
Artemis Home Page: Artemis is a free genome viewer and annotation tool that allows visualization of sequence features and the results of analyses within the context of the sequence, and its six-frame translation. Artemis is written in Java, and is available for UNIX, GNU/Linux, BSD, Macintosh and MS Windows systems. It can read complete EMBL and GENBANK database entries or sequence in FASTA or raw format. Extra sequence features can be in EMBL, GENBANK or GFF format
Artemis Manual: This document describes release 8 of Artemis a DNA sequence viewer and sequence annotation tool.
ASG: Alternative Splicing Gallery: Alternative Splicing Gallery (ASG) is a web-based splicing graph database that integrates transcript information from Ensembl, RefSeq, STACK, TIGR gene index, and UniGene, in order to explore and visualize gene structure and alternative splicing and to provide an exhaustive transcript catalog. The program was developed by Jeremy Leipzig and Dr. Steffen Heber.
Askjeeves: Just type a question and click...
ATL: Association for Teachers and Lecturers: home pages of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) - the leading professional organisation and trade union for teachers and lecturers with over 150,000 members in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Here we describe who we are, what we stand for and the range of services and support we can offer members. Membership is open to all teachers and lecturers, except headteachers and principals.
Atlantic Salmon Federation: The Atlantic Salmon Federation is an international non-profit organization which promotes the conservation and wise management of the wild Atlantic salmon and its environment.
Atlas of Nucleic Acid Containing Structures: The goal of the Nucleic Acid Database Project (NDB) is to assemble and distribute structural information about nucleic acids.
Atoms, Bonding and Structure: Topics include: chemical elements, compounds and mixtures; atomic structure; chemical bonding; structure of materials and bond energies. Includes interactive simulations of ionic bonding and covalent bonding.
Axon Developers page - GenePix Array List Files: GenePix Array List files describe the size and position of blocks, the layout of feature-indicators in them, and the names and identifiers of the printed substances associated with each feature-indicator.
Babylonia: Babylonia is a free and very popular, English-German and English-French dictionary for computing terms. It is updated regularly and contains well over 1,700 terms and their translations.
Bali-Phy: BAli-Phy is software developed by Ben Redelings with Marc Suchard for joint Bayesian estimation of alignment and phylogeny. Instead of inferring trees based on a single fixed alignment, BAli-Phy considers near-optimal alignments when estimating the phylogeny. BAli-Phy can also make use of information in shared insertions or deletions to infer the phylogeny. In addition, BAli-Phy can produce alignments colored to indicate uncertain areas of the alignment.
Basic Biotechnology: To make it easier for neophyte teachers to incorporate biotechnology into their curricula, two groups of teachers were surveyed. The first group, beginning biotech teachers, were asked what they would like to know to make biotech teaching less stressful and more accessible to them. The second group, experienced biotech teachers, were asked for hints/tips/suggestions that they felt would make teaching biotech easier for someone starting from scratch. Listed below are some hints, tips, suggestions, resources, suppliers, and words of wisdom to make beginning biotechnology in your classroom more user-friendly.
Basic Statistic and Introduction to GenStat: In this short course (two-days) we will provide you with a clear understanding of basic statistical principles and a small number of statistical tests to investigate properties of data. In addition, you will learn how to use GenStat to manage data and perform exploratory analyses. This course should be regarded as an introductory guide, but most statistical design and analysis problems are beyond the scope of this course.
Basic statistics in Genstat: These notes describe some of the basic statistical operations which may be useful when examining and drawing conclusions from data using the PC Windows version of Genstat. Genstat is a powerful statistical computer package for handling and analysing data and is particularly suited to the analysis of scientific data. Here Genstat is used to do the calculations and draw diagrams in the exploration and analysis of several example datasets. No previous familiarity is assumed with the statistical ideas covered, or with Genstat.
BEAUty and BEAST: BEAST is a cross-platform program for Bayesian MCMC analysis of molecular sequences. It is entirely orientated towards rooted, time-measured phylogenies inferred using strict or relaxed molecular clock models. It is not intended solely as a method of reconstructing phylogenies but also as a framework for testing evolutionary hypotheses without conditioning on a single tree topology. BEAST uses MCMC to average over tree space, so that each tree is weighted proportional to its posterior probability. We include a simple to use user-interface program for setting up standard analyses and a suit of programs for analysing the results.
Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project: This new database represents one of the initial steps towards the ultimate construction of an integrated Genome Projects- FlyBase database. Our current database contains data from the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, the European Drosophila Genome Project, and genes and aberrations that FlyBase has curated from the literature. In combination with the links to the existing FlyBase database it represents a comprehensive collection that covers data from laboratory to literature.
BIOBASE Biological Databases: BIOBASE is the leading content provider of biological databases, knowledge tools and software for the life science industry. We offer our customers well-structured data, assembled by highly qualified subject-matter experts, organized in an accessible and easily searchable manner that enables researchers to identify connections between disparate pieces of information and to apply that knowledge to their specific topic of interest.
BioCareer: The SciWeb Biotechnology Career Center: SciWeb - The Life Science Home Page and The BioCareer Center. SciJob.com, SciJobs.com, Life Science, Biology, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical, And Medical Diagnostic Information, Career, Job and Resume Resources.
Biochemical Learning Resource: These are a growing collection of educational resources for students of Biochemistry produced by Jon Maber in the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of The University of Leeds..
Biochemist On-Line: This site has the following purposes: To serve as a site where individuals can publish their ongoing research. To provide biochemists with Links to reference material found on the Internet. It will provide an on-line message board where individuals can post questions or comments about ongoing research
Biochemistry in 3d - Lehninger: Biochemistry in 3D is a collection of interactive tutorials using 3D structures to teach concepts in Biochemistry. It is designed to accompany Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 3rd edition.
Biocompare: Biocompare does not sell anything. We are a neutral source for life-science product information. We help you find the right product for your needs.
BioEdit: BioEdit is a biological sequence alignment editor written for Windows 95/98/NT. A rich, intuitive multiple document interface with many convenient features makes alignment, manipulation and viewing of sequences relatively quick and easy on your desktop computer.
BioEdit Documentation: Documentation to version 5 (most recent that has documentation. BioEdit is not developed anymore.
Bioedit Help Summary (japan): Learning the non-standard actions, it becomes easier to use it.
Biological Control Network: Biocontrol Network will be publishing information and marketing alternatives to "conventional" chemical pesticides and fertilizers, by making this information accessible on the World Wide Web.
Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America: This guide provides photographs and descriptions of biological control (or biocontrol) agents of insect, disease and weed pests in North America. It is also a tutorial on the concept and practice of biological control and integrated pest management (IPM).
Biology Education Software FAQ: This site contains descriptions and reviews of some of the better software programs available for teaching biology at the college level.
Biology Place (The): These educators share your interest in the Web as a unique environment for investigative learning and as a resource of information with unprecedented value to education. Peregrine is a new, independent publishing company devoted to developing the next generation of teaching and learning materials for the secondary and college markets.
Biology4Kids - Cell structure: A main purpose of a cell is to organize. Cells hold a variety of pieces and each cell has a different set of functions.
Biomednet: Features hundreds of biological and medical publications.
BioMolecular Engineering Research Center: The BMERC is using and creating tools and methods for the study of computational biology. The center is working on secondary protein structure prediction, providing reliable profiles, and developing new ways to study molecular biology through Bioinformatics. Our work has led to the formulation and testing of major hypotheses in the areas of molecular evolution, gene regulation, developmental genetics, and protein structure-function relationships.
Bioresearch online: Source for professionals in the bioresearch and life sciences industry- Information on drug discovery, laboratory systems and equipment, molecular and cell biology, genetic sequencing and more
BIOSCI/bionet Electronic Newsgroup Network for Bio: BIOSCI is a set of electronic communication forums - the bionet USENET newsgroups and parallel e-mail lists - used by biological scientists worldwide.
BioTechniques: The international journal or life science methods. Also links to discussion forum.
BioTech\\\'s life science dictionary: This free resource was developed by our staff members and contributors and is still very much under construction. Currently, most of our 8300+ terms deal with biochemistry, biotechnology, botany, cell biology and genetics.
biowire.com: by scientists, for scientists.: Biowire.com\\\'s mission is to become the definitive resource of knowledge and tools that bioresearchers need for efficient and successful science. Targeted to 400,000 life science researchers worldwide, the company\\\'s web site provides free, easy-to-use analytical tools and scientist-authored reviews of high-end, experiment-specific research products, such as enzymes, antibodies and reagent kits.
BIRCH - ACeDB: ACeDB is a database program that is both object-oriented and relational. Originally written for the C. elegans genome project, ACeDB has been used for virtually all plant and animal genome databases,
BITS virtual ftp: This page contains links which will allow you to download our manuals, software and other information directly to your computer.
BLAST: BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is a set of similarity search programs designed to explore all of the available sequence databases regardless of whether the query is protein or DNA. The BLAST programs have been designed for speed, with a minimal sacrifice of sensitivity to distant sequence relationships. The scores assigned in a BLAST search have a well-defined statistical interpretation, making real matches easier to distinguish from random background hits. BLAST uses a heuristic algorithm which seeks local as opposed to global alignments and is therefore able to detect relationships among sequences which share only isolated regions of similarity (Altschul et al., 1990).
Blast Tutorial: This BLAST tutorial is designed to help both the novice and experienced BLAST user to set up and perform a BLAST search, decipher the output and analyze the results. The tutorial illustrates the potential for BLAST and PSI-BLAST searches to identify even weak (subtle) homologies to annotated entries in the database. It demonstrates that BLAST and PSI-BLAST (see separate PSI-BLAST tutorial) are important tools for predicting both biochemical activities and function from sequence relationships. In addition to the tutorial, the BLAST guide may be useful in becoming acquainted with the ins and outs of BLAST searching.
BodyQuest: Bodyquest is an exploration of anatomy designed for students aged between 11 and 16.
BOND: Basic OligoNucleotide Design: We provide an improved solution to the important problem of oligonucleotide design, including a thorough evaluation of oligo design programs. We hope BOND will become a useful tool for researchers in biological and medical sciences by making the microarray procedures faster and more accurate
Bootstrapping Phylogenetic Trees: Theory and Methods: Abstract. This is a survey of the use of the bootstrap in the area of systematic and evolutionary biology. I present the current usage by biologists of the bootstrap as a tool both for making inferences and for evaluating robustness, and propose a framework for thinking about these problems in terms of mathematical statistics.
BRENDA: enzyme database: BRENDA is the main collection of enzyme functional data available to the scientific community. It is available free of charge for via the internet (www.brenda-enzymes.org).
Browser for Databanks in Molecular Biology (EBI, UK): This is the SRSWWW server at EMBL-EBI, Hinxton, UK , version 5.1.0
Butterfly WebSite (The): This site provides complete information on butterfly gardening, farming, ecology and education. Very Colourful too.
BVtech Download and description: BVTech Plasmid is DNA plasmid drawing software.Ii is free software.You can use it to draw circle or linear plasmid map with double strands or single strand. You can label the plasmid with genes and restriction sites in different colors, text, and styles.
Careers in the Biological Sciences: Many students have already made important career decisions (e.g. medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine) by their junior year. However, others remain undecided about the future and seek additional guidance and information. In order to assist our students and make them aware of the diverse career possibilities open to somebody with a background in the biological sciences, we are assembling various reference materials that are available in the BIO office.
CATH: Protein Structure Classification: CATH is a novel hierarchical classification of protein domain structures, which clusters proteins at four major levels, class(C), architecture(A), topology(T) and homologous superfamily (H). Class, derived from secondary structure content, is assigned for more than 90% of protein structures automatically. Architecture, which describes the gross orientation of secondary structures, independent of connectivities, is currently assigned manually. The topology level clusters structures according to their toplogical connections and numbers of secondary structures. The homologous superfamilies cluster proteins with highly similar structures and functions. The assignments of structures to toplogy families and homologous superfamilies are made by sequence and structure comparisons.
CCMS Home Page: The Computational Center for MacroMolecular Structures (CCMS) . The Computational Center for Macromolecular Structure (CCMS) is distributing and supporting software for the determination and analysis of the structures of biological macromolecules.
Cell Biology: The following list of sites display web pages written by Gwen V. Childs, Ph.D. while she was Professor and Vice-Chair, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences. They were originally for use by graduate and medical students at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, TX. Dr. Childs now is at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, in Little Rock, AR. Cell Biology The following web pages served as study guides and handouts for lectures in Cell Biology. Each was designed to introduce the topic and provide structure/function correlations. The guides are not intended to be a complete presentation of all of the material in that subject area since each unit was team taught and Dr. Childs provided the introductory material that correlated structure and function. The guides provide illustrations missing in the assigned text. The web pages also provide questions that students can use to test their knowledge as they learn the material. Use the following menu, or scroll down to click on regions in the photograph image maps that show the organelle of interest.
Cells Alive: Learn about bacteria, viruses, parasites, cancer cells. How live immune cells attack and kill microbes. Procure stock video for TV and CDROMs. Order educational videos.
Center for Human Simulation (The) (CHS): This site contains a series of elaborate presentations of the various parts and functions of the human body
Central dogma of molecular biology: The dogma is a framework for understanding the transfer of sequenceSequence In mathematics, a sequence is an ordered list of objects . Like a Set , it contains Element , and the number of terms is called the length of the sequence.... informationInformation Information as a Conveyed concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control system, data, form, instruction, knowledge, Meaning , stimulation, pattern, perception, and knowledge representation.... between sequential information-carrying biopolymerBiopolymer Biopolymers are a class of polymers produced by living organisms.Starch, proteins and peptides,and DNA and RNA are all examples of biopolymers, in which the monomeric units, respectively, are sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides.... s, in the most common or general case, in living organismOrganism In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole.... s.
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology: The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) is the UKs Centre of Excellence for research in the terrestrial and freshwater environmental sciences. Our parent organisation is the UK Natural Environment Research Council. CEHs staff have specialist skills in a wide range of environmental disciplines, ranging in scale from the gene to whole Earth systems. Our research is aimed at improving our understanding of both the environment and the processes that underlie the Earths support systems. We are particularly interested in the impacts of human activity on natural environments.
Character Entity References Defined in HTML 4.0: This is the complete list of character entity references defined in HTML 4.0. Few browsers (well, none that I know of) support all of these references. If your browser doesn\'t support the character it will probably display something like an empty box or a question mark.
Chemdex: Sheffield's ChemdexTM has existed on the WWW since 1993 and exists to maintain an international directory of chemistry on the internet. There are 4050 links in the Chemdex and the Chemdex was last updated 27 July 1999.
Chemistry Societies network: -The most comprehensive database of chemistry conferences and events available.
A comprehensive resource for teachers and students of chemistry to learn more
about their subject. -Useful information from selected chemsoc advertisers
Chime: MDL\'s FREE chemical structure visualization plug-in for Windows and Macintosh.
Chromas: Shareware ($39) Opens chromatogram files from Applied Biosystems DNA sequencers, Prints chromatogram with options to zoom or fit to one page. Exports sequences in plaint text, formatted with base numbering, FASTA, EMBL, GenBank or GCG formats. Copy the sequence to the clipboard in plain text or FASTA format for pasting into other applications. Export sequences from batches of chromatogram files, with automatic removal of vector sequence. Reverse & complement the sequence and chromatogram. Search for sequences by exact matching or optimal alignment. Display translations in 3 frames along with the sequence. Copy an image of a chromatogram section for pasting into documents or presentations
Chromatin.net: Chromatin is that portion of the cell nucleus which contains all of the DNA of the nucleus in animal or plant cells. (A small amount of special DNA is also found in the mitochondria of the cell cytoplasm outside of the cell nucleus.)
ChromDB: The Plant Chromatin Database: The mission of ChromDB is to bring together information on homologs of chromatin-associated proteins encoded by plant genomes, organize this information logically and in a comparative manner across species (with reference to other eukaryotes to the extent possible), and make it readily accessible to any members of the research and teaching communities who might be interested in the role played by chromatin proteins in the control of gene expression and genome organization. Our first priority is to provide (a) complete sets of genes encoding chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs) for those plant species with complete or near-complete genome sequences (currently Arabidopsis and rice, with poplar to be displayed in the future), (b) the best available splicing models and predicted protein sequences for these genes, and (c) a molecular phylogenetic context for understanding the evolutionary diversification of these protein families during plant evolution with reference to animal and fungal homologs. Our next priorities will be to identify and present CAP genes in all available EST and partial genomic sequences of other plant species, as well as to provide information regarding their biochemical, developmental, physiological, and cellular functions through a community annotation mechanism.
Chromosome Mapping: Mapping is the construction of a series of chromosome descriptions that depict the position and spacing of unique, identifiable biochemical landmarks, including some genes, that occur on the DNA of chromosomes.
Chromosome Segregation: The equal apportionment of daughter chromosomes to each of the two cells resulting from cell division is chromosome segregation. When a chromosome fails to segregate properly, non-disjunction is said to have occurred.
Cis-Peptide Bonds in Proteins: The IMB Jena Image Library of Biological Macromolecules contains visual and other information on three-dimensional biopolymer structures. It provides access to all structure entries deposited at the Protein Data Bank (PDB) or at the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB).
CLC Bio: Sequence Viewer: CLC Sequence Viewer creates a software environment enabling users to make a large number of bioinformatics analyses, combined with smooth data management, and excellent graphical viewing and output options.
Clustal W: Clustal W is a general purpose multiple sequence alignment program for DNA or proteins.It produces biologically meaningful multiple sequence alignments of divergent sequences. It calculates the best match for the selected sequences, and lines them up so that the identities, similarities and differences can be seen. Evolutionary relationships can be seen via viewing Cladograms or Phylograms.
CodonCode: CodonCode Aligner is an easy-to-use program for sequence assembly, contig editing, and mutation detection.
Columbia Virtual Body (The): This site contains a series of elaborate presentations of the various parts and functions of the human body
COMPONENT 2: COMPONENT is a computer program for analysing evolutionary trees and is intended for use in studies of phylogeny, tree shape distribution, gene trees/species trees, host-parasite cospeciation, and biogeography.
Computational Genomic Group (CGG): Computational approaches for analysis of nucleotide and protein sequences and structures as well as understanding structural and functional organization of genetic signals encoded in genome sequences.
Compute pI/Mw: is a tool which allows the computation of the theoretical pI (isoelectric point) and Mw (molecular weight) for a list of SWISS-PROT and/or TREMBL entries or for a user entered sequence [reference].
Consortium for International Crop Protection: The Consortium for International Crop Protection (CICP), a non-profit organization, was formed in 1978 by a group of U.S. universities. Its principal purpose was to assist developing nations reduce food crop losses caused by pests while also safe-guarding the environment. CICP's basic goal is to advance economically efficient and environmentally sound protection practices in developing countries and to ensure the health of rural and urban communities. The following are specific objectives of CICP's mission.
ContraFold: CONTRAfold is a novel secondary structure prediction method based on conditional log-linear models (CLLMs), a flexible class of probabilistic models which generalize upon SCFGs by using discriminative training and feature-rich scoring. By incorporating most of the features found in typical thermodynamic models, CONTRAfold achieves the highest single sequence prediction accuracies to date, outperforming currently available probabilistic and physics-based techniques. Our result thus closes the gap between probabilistic and thermodynamic models, demonstrating that statistical learning procedures provide an effective alternative to empirical measurement of thermodynamic parameters for RNA secondary structure prediction.
Crick, Francis Harry Compton: A critical influence in Crick's career was his friendship, beginning in 1951, with J. D. Watson, then a young man of 23, leading in 1953 to the proposal of the double-helical structure for DNA and the replication scheme.
Crystallography on the Web: This site provides information regarding Protein Crystallography and the principles of protein structure.
Cystic Fibrosis Gene location on chromosome 7: The OMIM map presents the cytogenetic map location of disease genes and other expressed genes described in OMIM.
Cystic Fibrosis Mutation Database: The information contained in this database is compiled with information collected by the Cystic Fibrosis Genetic Analysis Consortium.
Cystic Fibrosis Research Inc.: The CFRI Knowledge Base is a collection of files about cystic fibrosis taken from our vast collection of CFRI newsletter articles, conference transcripts, and other sources.
Cytokinesis mafia (the): The Cytokinetic Mafia is designed precisely for people who are passionate about cytokinesis! We are tired of cytokinesis being an afterthought in journal clubs, and of hearing groans every time the word cytokinesis is mentioned. To ensure proper representation of our cause, we have founded the Cytokinetic Mafia. Our group is predominantly a journal club, but we\'re also much more! Not only is it a great way to meet other people who share your passion for cytokinesis but it also a great way to keep up with the current literature on cytokinesis.
Cytoscape: Cytoscape is an open source bioinformatics software platform for visualizing molecular interaction networks and integrating these interactions with gene expression profiles and other state data. Cytoscape is available as a platform-independent open-source Java application, released under the terms of the LGPL.
Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory: DPIL's work areas deal with insect and mammal pests on domestic animals, in stocks, buildings and used materials. The objective is to undertake research to facilitate effective prevention and/or control of pests, while at the same time minimizing pesticide used.
Dataloggerama: IT in Science & Roger Frost's Dataloggerama is about using information technology in science teaching -Data files to use in data logging and data handling packages you will already have.
-Handouts from talks as well as pointers to books, advice, training and information.
- Reviews of software packages, non-partisan facts about data logging equipment.
Deep view discussion group: Use this forum for sharing ideas, questions, and concerns about Deep View and its applications in research, teaching, and publishing. Participants include the programmers who bring you Deep View.
Deep View SPDB viewer: Swiss-PdbViewer is an application that provides a user friendly interface allowing to analyse several proteins at the same time. The proteins can be superimposed in order to deduce structural alignments and compare their active sites or any other relevant parts. Amino acid mutations, H-bonds, angles and distances between atoms are easy to obtain thanks to the intuitive graphic and menu interface.
Deep View Tutorial (SPDB viewer): This tutorial provides an introduction to macromolecular modeling with Deep View, including review of many basic concepts in protein structure.
Delbrück, Max: Discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses..
Deoxy-Ribonucleotides and Watson-Crick Basepairs: The IMB Jena Image Library of Biological Macromolecules contains visual and other information on three-dimensional biopolymer structures. It provides access to all structure entries deposited at the Protein Data Bank (PDB) or at the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB).
Design PCR Primers: tools: A list of free web applications to design PCR primers: including alignment primers, primers for RAPDS and from protein sequences. This team has done a great job at reviewing what is there.
DESSAC web site: DESSAC is being developed as an integrated suite of decision support systems to assist arable farmers and advisers with a whole range of crop husbandry decisions.
Devlin Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlation: Written to present biochemistry from a mammalian and human perspective, this text is ideal for students who are in medical, veterinary, pharmacy, nursing, pre-med and biologically oriented programs. Each of the chapters is authored by experienced educators expert in their area of presentation.
devx: DevX is the leading provider of technical information, tools and services for IT professionals developing corporate applications.
Dictionary of Cell Biology: The Dictionary of Cell Biology was first published in 1989, and has since been translated into several languages. It is intended to provide quick access to easily-understood and cross-referenced definitions of terms frequently encountered in reading the modern biology literature. This server contains the text of the Second edition, published in April 1995, together with enhancements, hypertext links and new entries which are destined for the third edition.
DIP: Database of Interactive Proteins: The DIPTM database catalogs experimentally determined interactions between proteins. It combines information from a variety of sources to create a single, consistent set of protein-protein interactions.
Discovery Studio Visualization: Gain insight into the potential implications of your molecule\'s structure by using Discovery Studio Visualization tools to simultaneously view its molecular data from multiple perspectives.
DNA Baser: DNA Baser Assembler is unique and revolutionary bioinformatics software for manual and automatic DNA sequence assembly, DNA sequence analysis, automatic sample processing, contig editing, metadata integration, file format conversion and mutation detection.
DNA learning Center: The DNA Learning Center web page contains a wide variety of online DNA resources as well as information on our many workshops, field trips, courses and products.
DNA ligase (pdb - molecule of the month): DNA ligase reconnects DNA strands when they are broken. It uses a cofactor molecule (shown in red) for power and a special lysine amino acid (shown in magenta) to perform the reaction.
DNA ligation protocol: DNA ligation is the process of joining together two DNA molecule ends (either from the same or different molecules). Specifically, it involves creating a phosphodiester bond bond between the 3\' hydroxyl of one nucleotide and the 5\' phosphate of another. This reaction is usually catalyzed by a DNA ligase enzyme. This enzyme will ligate DNA fragments having blunt or overhanging, complementary, \'sticky\' ends. Typically, it is easier to ligate molecules with complementary sticky ends than blunt ends. T4 DNA ligase is the most commonly used DNA ligase for molecular biology techniques and can ligate \'sticky\' or blunt ends.
DNA makes RNA: Animated outline of DNA transcription to RNA
DNA Microarray Methodology - Flash Animation: For fun: animated presentation of principle (Flash player required)
DNA Workshop: The activity in this section places you within the cell, involving you with the processes of DNA replication and protein synthesis.
DNA2.0 Bioinformatics toolbox: This collection of javascript bioinformatics software is a convenient, user friendly and free resource for anyone interested in generating, formatting and analyzing DNA and protein sequences. The goal here is to support your gene design efforts as much as possible so that you can focus on doing research instead of spending time on decoding cryptic software manuals.
DNAi: Finding the DNA structure: Problem: Your mission is to solve the structure of DNA.
DNASTAR: Lasergene: LASERGENE is a well-established, internationally renowned, bioinformatics computing suite for Windows or Macintosh, designed, developed and supported by DNASTAR Incc
DPV Web: Over 400 individual descriptions of plant viruses or virus groups. Nos 1-354 were originally published in paper form by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB) between 1970 and 1989, while additional descriptions have been added to a CD-ROM (also published by the AAB) since 1998. These can now be accessed from the indexes in the DPV menu or from the Taxonomy pages. New descriptions are being commissioned and will be added as they become available.
Dr Michael Defoin-Platel: I am a French researcher working in UK. My main interests are BioInformatics, Artificial Evolution and Machine Learning.
DST. Local Human Repeats: The searches set up below use the Dst algorithm. Two search modes are available: a search for human repeats using the file BR3X and a self-homology search that will find repeats more than 2kb apart. The images produced here after searching the repeat database are simplified versions of those produced by the stand alone program.
eBook: electronic books: eBookNet is your total information source for electronic books and related devices: hardware, software and content. Check out the New eBooks in our eLibrary!
Edinburg Pathway Editor: EPE is a visual editor designed for annotation, visualisation and presentation of wide variety of biological networks, including metabolic, genetic and signal transduction pathways. It based on a metadata driven architecture, which makes it very flexible in drawing, storing, presenting and exporting information related to the network of interest. It allows visual representation to field standards (SBGN), storage and retrieval of annotation such as kinetic and other numerical data in relational databases (local and remote for enterprise development) and links graphical objects to external databases and web resources to show all available information on demand.
Educate Online: High tech design and a lot of information.
Educate the Children: It's main aim is to give primary (elementary) school teachers, parents, and children taught at home FREE access to a wide range of educational lesson plans and resources.
Education & Training Academy / The Examination Technique Academy: The ETA seeks to open doors so that every individual has an opportunity to reach his or her full potential if he or she so wishes. Our central belief is that if a human being cares, she or he should share - in the case of education and training, we ask the best minds to share their skills and expertise right here ! Be a part of educational history in the making.
Education-net: the education market place: Where education comes together
Educational courses on the Web: Another list of educationnal resources '
EE-Link: Environmental Education on the Internet: This is a Web Site for environmental education. Consistent with the key principles of environmental education, the objective is to spread information and ideas that will help educators explore the environment and investigate current issues with students.
Elementary Concepts in Statistics: This Electronic Statistics Textbook offers training in the understanding and application of statistics
eMolecules: the chemical search engine you\'ve been waiting for. We have actively assembled the world\'s largest repository of publicly accessible chemistry information. Now, it\'s easier and faster than ever to find the chemical information necessary to do your work more efficiently and effectively.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Structure and Function : Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules, vesicles and sacs that are interconnected. They may serve specialized functions in the cell including protein synthesis, sequestration of calcium, production of steroids, storage and production of glycogen, and insertion of membrane proteins. ...
ENS transcriptome platform web site: The Genomic Service from the Biology Department (SGDB) is located within the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. The SGDB transcriptome platform is intended to produce DNA microarrays and to offer for scientific community use facilities to make the most of these DNA micorarrays (genes list, protocols, scanner, image analyses workstation, practical training, etc...).
EnviroLink: A library of information on environmental issues.
Environmental Biology Sequence - Ecosystems: The main concepts we are trying to get across in this section concern how energy moves through an ecosystem. If you can understand this, you are in good shape, because then you have an idea of how ecosystems are balanced, how they may be affected by human activities, and how pollutants will move through an ecosystem. If you had Biology 101, this should be review; if you had Geology 101, this is new stuff. Either way, it is pretty basic and you shouldn't have much trouble reading this material or the associated material in the text.
Environmental Organization WebDirectory: This site is a environmental search engine. Good information source regarding environmental matters.
Enzymatic RNA Molecules and the Replication of Chromosome Ends: A cell must orchestrate thousands of chemical reactions in order to live, to grow, and to respond to its environment. These chemical reactions rarely happen spontaneously but are usually catalyzed by macromolecules called enzymes. It was long thought that all enzymes were proteins. More recently we and others have found that RNA can in some cases act as an enzyme.
Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Cambridge: The Epidemiology and Modelling Group consists of experimenters and theoreticians who work on: invasion, persistence, scale and variability in epidemics and other invading organisms
Euchromatin Network: Euchromatin is that portion of the genome that is most active in gene transcription within the animal cell nucleus. It is in marked contrast to heterochromatin, which is the least active. And yet, either form of chromatin can be converted to the other, conversion to euchromatin being associated with new gene activation for RNA synthesis, and conversion to heterochromatin being associated with new gene repression for RNA synthesis. // Together with the Euchromatin Network, we are developing forums on all aspects of euchromatin, its composition, activity, control, and significance. We welcome your comments and suggestions in the design of these forums, and your participation in their on-going discussions.
Eukaryotic Genomes at JGI: From this site you can get details about our current and upcoming projects, or go directly to the individual genome sites. All of the individual sites include direct access to download sequence files, BLAST, search, view and navigate the genomic annotations.
European Initiative for Biotechnology Education: The European Initiative for Biotechnology Education (EIBE) seeks to promote skills, enhance understanding and facilitate public debate throughout Europe.

Founded in 1991, EIBE has become an active European multidisciplinary network of experts in biotechnology education drawn from 20 centres in 17 European countries.
Eurydice : An Action of the European Community Programme on Education: The role of EURYDICE, the Information Network on Education in Europe, is to promote the exchange and the production of reliable and comparable information on education systems and on national policies in the field of education in Europe.
EXAMINE: Aphids are the insect group most sensitive to climate change because of their very short generation times and rapid potential growth rates. A network of traps has been established in 19 countries to monitor these insects. The combined system provides the most comprehensive data for any terrestrial invertebrate group anywhere in the world and is potentially a unique resource for studies on the impacts of global change.
Examine (Download annual reports here ): EXploitation of Aphid Monitoring systems IN Europe: Aphids are the insect group most sensitive to climate change because of their very short generation times and rapid potential growth rates. A network of traps has been established in 19 countries to monitor these insects. The combined system provides the most comprehensive data for any terrestrial invertebrate group anywhere in the world and is potentially a unique resource for studies on the impacts of global change.
ExpAsy: Swiss 2D page: Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis database
Exploring the Cell (pdf): What cells do and how cell biologists study them. A publication of the American Society for Cell Biology
Expressed Sequence Tags (dEST): dbEST (Nature Genetics 4:332-3;1993) is a division of GenBank that contains sequence data and other information on "single-pass" cDNA sequences, or Expressed Sequence Tags, from a number of organisms. A brief account of the history and current status of human ESTs in GenBank is available (Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:295-6;1995). Also, consult the special "Genome Directory" issue of Nature (vol. 377, issue 6547S, 28 September 1995).
Expression Profiler: Expression Profiler is a set of tools for the clustering, analysis and visualization of gene expression and sequence data.
Exxams.com: Welcome to exxams.com....Your gateway to exams success..We invite you to simply download past questions and answers on any subject and use them to revise or access tutorial and revision materials free!
fastDNAml construction of phylogenetic trees of DNA Sequences: References:
Olsen, G. J., Matsuda, H., Hagstrom, R., and Overbeek, R. 1994. fastDNAml: A tool for construction of phylogenetic trees of DNA sequences using maximum likelihood. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10: 41-48.
Felsenstein, J. 1981. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach. J. Mol. Evol. 17: 368-376.
FastPCR Online Manual: FastPCR is free PCR primer and probe design software. It is efficient for standard, long, real-time PCRs, for inverse PCR, direct amino acid sequence degenerate PCR, multiplex PCR, LUX primers design for quantitative PCR, automatically SSR loci detection and direct PCR primers design, and in silico PCR. It can also perform sequence alignments, clustering and any kind repeat sequence searching.
Fedaration of American Society for Experimental Biology (FASEB): It is the mission of the Office of Public Affairs to monitor and study public developments affecting biomedical research, to sponsor a process whereby representatives from the FASEB Member Societies develop consensus on policy issues, and to present those consensus positions to policymakers and interested others. In addition, OPA engages in public outreach on biomedical research policy issues.
FigTree: FigTree is designed as a graphical viewer of phylogenetic trees and as a program for producing publication-ready figures. As with most of my programs, it was written for my own needs so may not be as polished and feature-complete as a commercial program. In particular it is designed to display summarized and annotated trees produced by BEAST.
Five things to know abour Geneious at Rothamsted:
- Description of Geneious Main interface,
- Data Location and backup
- Configuration of the list view
- Login into Geneious server and registration form,
- Importing data into Geneious server
FlowerDelivery: This resource is designed to give information on the most popular flowers in North America. Growing tips, history of cultivation, pest control, photosynthesis and other important facts are accessible for the flower categories below via the provided links.
Thanks to a student in Monument Charter School for discovering that site and his teacher for letting me know...
Flybase: FlyBase is a database of genetic and molecular data for Drosophila. It is available through FlyBase servers, as partial mirrors on other servers, as flat files, and as printed text (in special issues of Drosophila Information Service). The full database includes data files, documents, indices, forms, and images and is maintained on a multi-protocol server that supports a variety of tools and formats.
FreeTree: Construction and bootstrap analysis of DNA fingerprinting-based phylogenetic trees with the freeware program FreeTree: application to trichomonad parasites, by V. Hampl, A. Pavlicek and J. Flegr
Galaxy: Galaxy allows you to do analyses you cannot do anywhere else without the need to install or download anything. You can analyze multiple alignments, compare genomic annotations, profile metagenomic samples and much much more... We provide a public Galaxy instance at http://usegalaxy.org where you can do all this with nothing more than a web browser.
Genamics JournalSeek: Genamics JournalSeek is a database of molecular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and general biology journals which are available (in whole or in part) through the internet. All information is fully searchable by various criteria. The database presently contains more than 360 different titles, and is growing rapidly.
GenBank: GenBank is the NIH genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences ( Nucleic Acids Research 1998 Jan 1;26(1):1-7). There are approximately 1,622,000,000 bases in 2,356,000 sequence records as of June 1998. As an example, you may view the record for the neurofibromatosis gene.
Gene Designer 2.0 : FREE bioinformatics software application. The dynamic drag-and-drop sequence functionality to create genes with Gene Designer has been awarded US Patent #7,805,252. This unique interface technology created by DNA2.0 scientists enables users to quickly represent nucleic acid sequences and to move them around with ease.
Gene Regulation - BioBase: Site with a lot of database for gene expression and gene regulation
GeneCards: GeneCards is a database of human genes, their products and their involvement in diseases. It offers concise information about the functions of all human genes that have an approved symbol, as well as selected others [gene listing]. It is especially useful for those who are searching for information about large sets of genes or proteins, e.g. for scientists working in functional genomics and proteomics.
GeneCards: human genes, proteins and diseases: GeneCards is a database of human genes, their products and their involvement in diseases. It offers concise information about the functions of all human genes that have an approved symbol, as well as selected others [gene listing]. It is particulary useful for people who wish to find information about genes of interest in the context of functional genomics and proteomics.
Geneious User Forum: Here you can find announcements, get answers from the community, and share your feature suggestions with us. Search the Forums & Knowledge Base below, or submit a request above.
Geneious website: Geneious combines all the leading DNA and protein sequence analysis tools into one revolutionary software solution! Its ease of use makes bioinformatics accessible to any biologist. It runs on all major operating systems and is very affordable.
GeneSpring Extras: Documentation; External Programs and Databases; Genomes; MIAME Compliance; Pathways; Physical Position View; Scripts;
GeneSpring: cutting-edge tools for expression analysis: GeneSpring is widely regarded as the gold standard for expression data analysis. When you use GeneSpring, you join thousands of elite scientists worldwide who depend on its sophisticated analysis techniques to advance their research. Designed to meet the needs of the individual researcher, GeneSpring seamlessly interfaces with Silicon Genetics Signet software, which provides a highly scalable platform for enterprise- level genomic research
Genespringusers : Join our email users group to engage in discussion with other GeneSpring® users. Share tips, exchange ideas and consider suggestions for new GeneSpring features.
Genetic Programming Notebook: Genetic programming is a branch of genetic algorithms. The main difference between genetic programming and genetic algorithms is the representation of the solution. Genetic programming creates computer programs in the lisp or scheme computer languages as the solution. Genetic algorithms create a string of numbers that represent the solution.
Genome Database: Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, USA in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort to analyze the structure of human DNA and determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated worldwide by those researchers engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP).
Genomic Arabidopsis Resource Network (Garnet): GARNet is intended to function as a platform for international Arabidopsis research and for research on other plant species.
Genomics Jump station: The Genomics Jump Station: The ultimate Web page for information and links on all aspects of Genomics Research. Institutes and groups involved in functional genomics, companies involved in functional genomics, publications on functional genomics, analysis of protein sequences, analysis of DNA sequences.
GNUPLOT homepage: Gnuplot is a portable command-line driven interactive data and function plotting utility for UNIX, IBM OS/2, MS Windows, DOS, Macintosh, VMS, Atari and many other platforms. The software is copyrighted but freely distributed (i.e., you don\'t have to pay for it). It was originally intended as to allow scientists and students to visualize mathematical functions and data. It does this job pretty well, but has grown to support many non-interactive uses, including web scripting and integration as a plotting engine for third-party applications like Octave. Gnuplot has been supported and under development since 1986.
GNUPLOT- help and tutorial: GNUPLOT is a nice free software which displays various mathematical functions and numerical data. There are many Web ites and documents those explain how to make a plot of functions, so here I describe how to make a figure of numerical data such as experimental data or results of numerical calculations.
Google: Google uses sophisticated next-generation technology to produce the right results fast with every query. Google returns relevant results because it responds to your query using an automated method that ranks relevant websites based on the link structure of the Internet itself.
Guide to the Animal Kingdom for Students and Educators: It is a simplified (and somewhat abbreviated) classification scheme for the whole animal kingdom. It represents a fairly traditional view of animal phylogeny (and is basically the scheme followed for information organization within the Zoological Record indexing service)
Hands On training at EBI: This programme of courses, held in our new purpose-built IT training suite, is especially designed to give experimental biologists expert tuition that will help them to make the most of the EBIs data resources.
Hazardous Chemical Database: This database will allow the user to retreive information for any of 1991 hazardous chemicals based on a keyword search.
Hershey, Alferd Day: Nobel prize in 1969 for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
HHMI's BioInteractive: Virtual Labs: Use cutting-edge DNA sequencing techniques and powerful database searches to identify an unknown bacterial species! In this lab, you will learn about polymerase chain reaction (PCR), automatic DNA sequencers, and the science of using a database of known DNA sequences to identify an organism.
Homology Modeling for Beginners: Homology models are useful to get a rough idea where the alpha carbons of key residues sit the folded protein. They can guide mutagenesis experiments, or hypotheses about structure-function relationships.
Hovi: ICT training solutions for UK schools: We bring together a range of expertise in education, software development, commercial ICT training and international linkages.
Human Anatomy Online: Welcome to Human Anatomy On-line the place for fun, interactive and educational views of the human body.
Human Genome Project: The Human Genome Project (HGP) was one of the great feats of exploration in history - an inward voyage of discovery rather than an outward exploration of the planet or the cosmos; an international research effort to sequence and map all of the genes - together known as the genome - of members of our species, Homo sapiens. Completed in April 2003, the HGP gave us the ability to, for the first time, to read nature\'s complete genetic blueprint for building a human being.
HUSAR: We put the most up-to-date databases and software packages at your fingertips. Our main program package - HUSAR - offers more than 250 applications for DNA and protein analysis. In addition to the latest, complete version of the GCG package (which makes up only about 50% of our applications), you can use tools developed by us and by ranking researchers in the bioinformatics field.
Identifying mutations in genes encoding insecticide target proteins: We have played a leading role in identifying mutations in the insect voltage-gated sodium channel and the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which confer resistance to pyrethroids and organophophate/carbamate insecticides respectively. This is leading to an increased fundamental understanding of how these insect nervous system proteins function and ideas for better/new pest management strategies.
IMB Jena Image Library of Biological Macromolecules: The IMB Jena Image Library of Biological Macromolecules contains visual and other information on three-dimensional biopolymer structures. It provides access to all structure entries deposited at the Protein Data Bank (PDB) or at the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB). In addition, general information on the architecture of biopolymer structures is available.
IMGT - International ImMunoGeneTics Database: IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database, is a high-quality integrated database specialising in Immunoglobulins (Ig), T-cell receptors (TcR) and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules of all vertebrate species. IMGT includes two databases : LIGM-DB, a comprehensive database of Ig and TcR from human and other vertebrates and MHC/HLA-DB (in development). A tool, IMGT/DNAPLOT, will allow Ig, TcR and MHC sequence analysis.
IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics database: IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database, is a high-quality integrated database specialising in Immunoglobulins (Ig), T cell receptors (TcR) and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules of all vertebrate species, created in 1989 by Marie-Paule Lefranc (Université Montpellier II, CNRS). IMGT, a European project since 1992, works in close collaboration with EBI.
Improbizer: Improbizer searches for motifs in DNA or RNA sequences that occur with improbable frequency (to be just chance) using a variation of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.
INDELIGN: a probabilistic framework for annotation of insertions and deletions in a multiple alignment
Inferring Phylogenies: Joseph Felsenstein: Phylogenies (evolutionary trees) are basic to thinking about and analyzing differences between species. ... (This)It is an essential text and reference for anyone who wants to understand how phylogenies are reconstructed and how they are used.
inSITE: Information network of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (InSITE). InSITE is dedicated to exploring ways in which the Internet can benefit teacher education programs.
inSITE; Training for teachers list of resources: The following sites represent the result of some preliminary research into organizations that are concerned with the use of Information Technology and Teacher Education and Training in the United Kingdom.
Institute for Biomedical Computing: Our mission is to advance biology and medicine through the development of novel computational methods, and where necessary hardware. We are dedicated to the solution of challenging problems with a multidisciplinary approach.
Instructional Resources in Biology: This division of the WWW VL Biosciences covers resources either explicitly designed for teaching biology or which are likely to be useful to educators.
Integrated pest management (IPM) Publications: The manuals include: guidelines for more effective pesticide application; the biology of key pests and their natural enemies; and the management and prevention of resistance.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System: The goal is to create an easily accessible database with reliable information on species names and their hierarchical classification. The database will be reviewed periodically to ensure high quality with valid classifications, revisions, and additions of newly described species. The ITIS includes documented taxonomic information of flora and fauna from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. .
Integrative Genomic Viewer: The Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) is a high-performance visualization tool for interactive exploration of large, integrated genomic datasets. It supports a wide variety of data types, including array-based and next-generation sequence data, and genomic annotations.
Interactive Tutorial on DNA using jmol: This tutorial is designed to complement an introduction to DNA, by providing tools for a self-directed exploration. It does not tell a story (but does offer questions for students and a lesson plan for teachers).
International Financial Encyclopaedia: The knowledge contained here is arranged to make it as easy as possible to find what you are looking for and to move through this base of knowledge to related information. It is a rubicon of modern management and technology knowledge which contains information for businesses operating in the computerised 1990's and beyond.
International Plant Names Index: The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) is a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of all seed plants. Its goal is to eliminate the need for repeated reference to primary sources for basic bibliographic information about plant names. The data are freely available and are gradually being standardized and checked. IPNI will be a dynamic resource, depending on direct contributions by all members of the botanical community.
Introduction to Evolutionary Biology: This site provides an introduction to the study of Evolution. It also looks into the controversies surrounding Evolution.
Introduction to Hematology: Blood is the only tissue that flows throughout your body. This red liquid carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body and waste products back to your lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It is also an essential part of your immune system, crucial to fluid and temperature balance, a hydraulic fluid for certain functions and a highway for hormonal messages.
Introduction to Photosynthesis: An excellent introduction to the entire photosynthetic process. [level: high school to undergraduate]
Introduction to Protein Structure: This project develops, tests and incorporates into introductory chemistry and biology courses a series of modules based on important scientific themes: molecular aspects of biological structures, bonding and intermolecular forces, dynamics including enzymes and catalysis, aspects of equilibria especially acids and bases, energy and thermodynamics, organic reaction mechanisms especially metabolism, and bioethics.
Introduction to RNA-Seq Analysis: Presentation on RNA-seq with transcript of the talks
Introductory Statistics Tutorial: Basic statistics concepts explained: mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, correlation coefficient.
IRAC: The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee was formed in 1984 to provide a coordinated crop protection industry response to the development of resistance in insect and mite pests.
Jacob, Francois: The work of François Jacob has dealt mainly with the genetic mechanisms existing in bacteria and bacteriophages, and with the biochemical effects of mutations.
Java based Molecular Biologist's Workbench: The programs and documentation that you will find hereby enclosed had been put together in order to try to give a free access to the exploitment of the most common bioinformatic operations that a molecular biologist currently has...
Javascipt Reference: This book is a reference manual for the JavaScript language, including objects in the core language and both client-side and server-side extensions. JavaScript is Netscape's cross-platform, object-based scripting language for client and server applications.
Journey North 1998: A global study of wildlife migration.
Jpred: Jpred is an interactive protein secondary structure prediction Internet server. The server allows a single sequence or multiple alignment to be submitted, and returns predictions from six secondary structure prediction algorithms that exploit evolutionary information from multiple sequences.
Karyn\'s Genomes: This is a collection and brief description of some of the available sequenced genomes. There is also information about why they are thought to be important for sequencing, together with links to the sequences, publication data and further reading.
Kathy Schrock's Guide for Educators: Kathy Schrock's Guide for Educators is a classified list of sites on the Internet found to be useful for enhancing curriculum and teacher professional growth. It is updated daily to keep up with the tremendous number of new World Wide Web sites.
KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes: A grand challenge in the post-genomic era is a complete computer representation of the cell, the organism, and the biosphere, which will enable computational prediction of higher-level complexity of cellular processes and organism behaviors from genomic and molecular information. Towards this end we have been developing a bioinformatics resource named KEGG as part of the research projects of the Kanehisa Laboratories in the Bioinformatics Center of Kyoto University and the Human Genome Center of the University of Tokyo.
Laboratory Information Management Systems for DNA Barcoding: Here, we demonstrate an example workflow of a specimens entry into the LIMS database to the publishing of the specimens genetic data to a public database using Geneious bioinformatics software. Throughout the process, the connections between steps in the workflow are maintained to facilitate post-processing annotation, structured reporting, and fully transparent edits to reduce subjectivity and increase repeatability.
Lagrangian Data Analysis : We have recently analyzed data sets of surface drifters in the Adriatic Sea and the Topical Pacific and a set of subsurface floats in the North Atlantic. Our focus is mostly on characterizing dispersion processes and testing suitable transport parameterizations, in particular in terms of Lagrangian Stochastic (LS) models. In the following, we provide some specific information on the North Atlantic study.
LAMARC - Likelihood Analysis with Metropolis Algorithm using Random Coalescence: LAMARC is a package of programs for computing population parameters, such as population size, population growth rate and migration rates by using likelihoods for samples of data (sequences, microsatellites, and electrophoretic polymorphisms) from populations. It approximates the summation of likelihood over all possible gene genealogies that could explain the observed sample.
Large-Scale Gene Expression and Microarray Links and Resources: This site is a collection of web resources and pointers to information on large-scale gene expression studies, and especially microarray technologies. The links included are biased towards the development and applications of informatics and bioinformatics for these technologies.
Learn how to view stereo pairs: Viewing either convergently or divergently becomes easier with practice. Once your mind sees a pair as a single 3D image, it recalls the experience, and resists your efforts less with each try. I can automatically snap a stereo pair -- convergent or divergent -- into superimposition, and I no longer think about exactly what I am doing. Suddenly, there is a vivid, three-dimensional object floating above the screen or page. I've been doing it since 1969 (that's a hint about the source of the first biochemical stereos!), and I've suffered no damage to my vision. It's very handy to be able to use the stereo pairs in Science and other journals without digging up a viewer. Such important tasks as interpreting electron-density maps from x-ray crystallography are practically impossible without this skill.
LearningAlive: Internet Education Service providing education resources for teachers and pupils
Leber Optic Atrophy: LHON presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. To date, the disease has been associated with 18 missense mutations in the mtDNA that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease.
Lifeblood:: Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs. Blood is the fluid of growth, transporting nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body. Blood is the fluid of health, transporting disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys.
LIPIDAT: The Lipid Thermodynamic Database Project was initiated to collect in one, central depository all information on lipid mesomorphic and polymorphic transitions and miscibility. The data on the subject have been accumulating rapidly in the literature, and only episodic, lessthancomprehensive compendia have been published.
Lipids Online: Welcome to the online cardiovascular resource for clinicians, researchers and educators. Lipids Online is designed to be your information lifeline on atherosclerosis and other lipid disorders. Whether you're staying informed or informing others, these pages give you instant access to reliable, cutting-edge information and educational tools on effectively managing and preventing cardiovascular disease.
Living Library: Library of science information.
Lwoff, Andre Michel: There were many other investigations on growth factors for flagellates and ciliates with regard to growth factors, loss of function, and physiological development until the time when Lwoff began working on the problem of lysogenic bacteria.
MAC5: MAC5 is a program which implements MCMC sampling to estimate a phylogenetic tree from a DNA multiple alignment. What differentiates MAC5 from similar programs (e.g. BAMBE, MrBayes) is its use of five-state sequence evolution models as a means to include the gap information when estimating an alignment. Despite vilification of these models in the literature in the past (e.g., Durbin et al., 1998, p. 217), we have found that, in many circumstances, they are useful for improving the precision of topology estimation.
Malaria Foundation International: Our Mission is to facilitate the development and implementation of solutions to the health, economic and social problems caused by malaria.
Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome: A primary goal of the Human Genome Project is to make a series of descriptive diagrams mapsof each human chromosome at increasingly finer resolutions.
MapQuest: A collection of maps, and directions to places.
Marine Ecology Research Group: You will find here some information on
Ecological Genetics of Parasitic Sea Lice
Inducible Morphology in Marine Bryozoans
Larval Dispersal
Biofilms and Larval Settlement
Mathlab Main Page: MATLAB® is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, you can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in math functions enable you to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java.
MatrixPlot: visualizing sequence constraints: MatrixPlot can be used to generate mutual information plots of sequence alignments, distance matrices of sequence with known 3D coordinates, and plots of user provided matrix files.
Mega: the goal of the MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) software project has been to make useful methods of comparative sequence analysis easily accessible to the scientific community for research and education.
Melanie: The 2D Gel Analysis Software for the third Millenium: Melanie offers sophisticated state-of-the-art analysis for the identification, quantification and matching of gels. Combined with comprehensive annotation possibilities, advanced statistical and classification capabilities, as well as a versatile query engine and reporting functions, Melanie 3 marks the arrival of a new generation of 2D gel analysis software.
Mendel Web: MendelWeb is an educational resource for teachers and students interested in the origins of classical genetics, introductory data analysis, elementary plant science, and the history and literature of science.
Mendel, Gregor (Timeline): The people, texts, and events briefly described in the MendelWeb Timeline, and the links to sources of information that elaborate and explain them, are not meant to be exhaustive in any sense. The timeline is merely designed to reflect, and motivate studies of, some of the things that were happening while Mendel was alive.
Metabolic Simulation software: The software packages available at this site can be used to simulate cellular processes such as metabolic pathways, gene regulatory circuits and signal transduction pathways. SCAMP allows the user to carry out Simulations, Steady state analysis, simple Bifurcation analysis and Metabolic Control Analysis. SCAMP is based on a scripting language which is used to describe cellular systems.
Metacrop: MetaCrop is a database that summarizes diverse information about metabolic pathways in crop plants and allows automatic export of information for the creation of detailed metabolic models.
MetaDB: A Metadatabase for the Biological Sciences: The MetaDB metadatabase is a sorted, searchable collection of biological databases. Most entries in the metadatabase include a relevant peer-reviewed abstract or excerpt along with a link to the abstract or full text article. Database descriptions surrounded by quotation marks were borrowed from the database websites. Descriptions that include neither quotation marks nor an abstract were written by MetaDB\'s director, Shawn Thomas. Many of the category names included in MetaDB were borrowed from the NAR Molecular Biology Database Collection, which is maintained by Michael Y. Galperin of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
MetaNetX.org: a website and repository for accessing, analysing and manipulating metabolic networks: MetaNetX.org is a website for accessing, analysing and manipulating genome-scale metabolic networks (GSMs) as well as biochemical pathways. It consistently integrates data from various public resources and makes the data accessible in a standardized format using a common namespace. Currently, it provides access to hundreds of GSMs and pathways that can be interactively compared (two or more), analysed (e.g. detection of dead-end metabolites and reactions, flux balance analysis or simulation of reaction and gene knockouts), manipulated and exported. Users can also upload their own metabolic models, choose to automatically map them into the common namespace and subsequently make use of the websites functionality.
Metnet:: plant pathways Database: MetNet is in-development, publicly available software for analysis of genome-wide mRNA, protein, and metabolite profiling data. The software is designed to enable the biologist to visualize, statistically analyze, and model a metabolic and regulatory network map of Arabidopsis, combined with gene expression profiling data. MetNet will provide a framework for the formulation of testable hypotheses regarding the function of specific genes, and in the long term will provide the basis for identification of metabolic and regulatory networks that control plant composition and development.
mFOLD: The objective of this web server is to provide easy access to RNA and DNA folding and hybridization software to the scientific community at large. By making use of universally available web GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces), the server circumvents the problem of portability of this software. Detailed output, in the form of structure plots with or without reliability information, single strand frequency plots and energy dot plots, are available for the folding of single sequences.
Micorbial Genomes at JGI (USA): From this site you can get details about our current and upcoming projects, or go directly to the individual microbial genome sites. All of the individual sites include direct access to download sequence file(s), BLAST, and view annotations. Additionally, the Eukaryotic microbial sites include more advanced visualization and search tools.
Microarray Gene Expression Database Group: The MGED group is an open discussion group initially established at the Microarray Gene Expression Database meeting MGED 1 (November, 1999, Cambridge, UK). The goal of the group is to facilitate the adoption of standards for DNA-array experiment annotation and data representation, as well as the introduction of standard experimental controls and data normalisation methods.
MicroArray related activities at the EBI: These pages are a jumping point to activities at the European Bioinformatics Institute that focus on microarrays, the gene expression data that results from them, the issues revolving around the immense influx of this data, and of course the analysis that one would like to perform on it.
Microarray User Group: The purpose of the Microarray User Group is to allow users and potential users of glass or filter cDNA arrays to share information and reagents. The members listing contains, along with contact information, the array format each user employs. This will allow individual user group members to contact each other regarding a specific format - technical questions, advice about analysis, or requests for reagents.
Midwest Biological Control News: Midwest Biological Control News is a monthly newsletter dedicated to providing information on the use of beneficial organisms for controlling insect and mite pests of the farm, garden, and home.
MitoMap: a human mitochondrial genome database: A compendium of polymorphisms and mutations of the human mitochondrial DNA.
Molecular Biology Protocols: Contains information about Buffers, RNA extractions, DNA techniques, Transformations, and Gels
Molecular Expressions: Images from the Microscope: A collections of color photographs taken through an optical microscope (commonly refered to as "photo-micro-graphs"). '
Molecular Genetics: The objectives of the course were, and continue to be: to train students to interpret experimental observations in molecular genetics; to have students understand the experimental bases for molecular genetic principles; and to train students to apply experimental methods of molecular genetics to problems in that science. These objective have been shaped by my philosophy of teaching science. I believe it more important that students learn why we believe the things we believe about molecular genetics than to memorize current hypotheses of the the science.
Molecular Genetics: Chromosomes: The three conceptual types of chromosomes, their interrelation and inheritance.

The objectives of the course were, and continue to be: -to train students to interpret experimental observations in molecular genetics;
-to have students understand the experimental bases for molecular genetic principles; and
to train students to apply experimental methods of molecular genetics to problems in that science.
Molecular Visualization Freeware (Rasmol) Email list: This email list is for discussion of RasMol, Chime, Protein Explorer, and other molecular visualization software (especially of the free variety)
MolMol: MOLecule analysis and MOLecule display: MOLMOL is a molecular graphics program for displaying, analyzing, and manipulating the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules, with special emphasis on the study of protein or DNA structures determined by NMR.
Monod, Jacques Lucien: To George Teissier he owes a preference for quantitative descriptions; André Lwoff initiated him into the potentials of microbiology; to Boris Ephrussi he owes the discovery of physiological genetics, and to Louis Rapkine the concept that only chemical and molecular descriptions could provide a complete interpretation of the function of living organisms.
More biology courses: These links may help you find related information, while I am still writing this course - Over 300 links to this course.
MPsrch: MPsrch is a biological sequence sequence comparison tool that implements the true Smith and Waterman algorithm. It runs a search on a HP/COMPAQ cluster, using single and parallelised versions of the software. It allows an rigorous search in a reasonable computational time. MPsrch utilises an exhaustive algorithm, which is recognised as the most sensitive sequence comparison method available, whereas Blast and Fasta utilise a heuristic one. As a consequence, MPsrch is capable of identifying hits in cases where Blast and Fasta fail and also reports fewer false-positive hits.
MrBayes: MrBayes is a program for the Bayesian estimation of phylogeny. Bayesian inference of phylogeny is based upon a quantity called the posterior probability distribution of trees, which is the probability of a tree conditioned on the observations. The conditioning is accomplished using Bayes\\\'s theorem. The posterior probability distribution of trees is impossible to calculate analytically; instead, MrBayes uses a simulation technique called Markov chain Monte Carlo (or MCMC) to approximate the posterior probabilities of trees.
MrEnt: MrEnt is a program for drawing high-quality, printable phylogenetic trees. It is a user-friendly software that recognizes Nexus tree files (like those generated by e.g. PAUP and MrBayes) and displays them in the most commonly used tree formats. Our goal was to produce a software to generate with no troubles all tree drawings for scientific publications directly from analysis outputs, without using any additional graphic editor.
MultiAlign: a multiple LC-MS analysis tool for targeted omics analysis: MultiAlign is a free software tool that aligns multiple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry datasets to one another by clustering mass and chromatographic elution features across datasets. Applicable to both label-free proteomics and metabolomics comparative analyses, the software can be operated in several modes. For example, clustered features can be matched to a reference database to identify analytes, used to generate abundance profiles, linked to tandem mass spectra based on parent precursor masses, and culled for targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis. MultiAlign is also capable of tandem mass spectral clustering to describe proteome structure and find similarity in subsequent sample runs.
Muscle Online Documentation: MUSCLE is a program for creating multiple alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences. A range of options is provided that give you the choice of optimizing accuracy, speed, or some compromise between the two. Default parameters are those that give the best average accuracy in our tests. Using versions current at the time of writing, my tests show that MUSCLE can achieve both better average accuracy and better speed than CLUSTALW or T‑Coffee, depending on the chosen options.
NASC: nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Center: The Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre (NASC) provides seed and information resources to the International Arabidopsis Genome Programme and the wider research community.
National Association of Biology Teachers: The National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) is the leader in life science education. To date, more than 7,500 educators have joined NABT to share experiences and expertise with colleagues from around the globe; keep up with trends and developments in the field; and grow professionally.
National Blood Service: Blood Cells: When we receive your donation, it gets put in a machine called a centrifuge, spun around a lot and the blood gets separated so it can be put to its individual uses. But why? And what for? Let\'s find out.
National Centre for Biotechnology Education (UK).: The NCBE was the first biotechnology education centre in the world (predating Cold Spring Harbor's DNA Learning Center by a year). It remains the only centre in Europe dedicated solely to biotechnology education at this level.
National Geographic: Very good site, but then, it is the National Geographic after all.
National Museum of Photography, Film and Television: Founded in 1983, the National Museum of Photography, Film & Television quickly became the most visited national museum outside London, attracting approximately 750,000 visitors each year.
Natural Resources Institute (The): The Natural Resources Institute of the University of Greenwich is an internationally recognised centre of expertise in research and consultancy in the environment and natural resources sector. The Institute carries out research and development on behalf of international donor agencies. Most of NRI's work provides support to development assistance programmes and contributes to environmentally sound management of physical and biological resources ('natural capital') for use by future generations.
Nature: Selected from over 3000 business and professional magazines as the most successful international magazine of 1998!
NCBI Educational Resources: NCBI provides a variety of educational resources, including tutorials, problem sets, online tools, FAQs and documentation
NCBI Genome Workbench: NCBI Genome Workbench is an integrated application for viewing and analyzing sequence data. With Genome Workbench, you can view data in publically available sequence databases at NCBI, and mix this data with your own private data.
NCBI Tools tutorials: The Getting Started series is designed to be a quick guide to aid the general public and the scientific community in selecting and using NCBI\'s publicly available resources.The information provided by Getting Started will give the novice user a starting point for conducting research using NCBI resources that will work efficiently and that will be easy to use.
NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information: Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information - all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
NDB Biological Structure Resource (BSR)(The): This site is a selection of databases, containing information about structure and other features of proteins and nuckleic acids. Good source of material.
Needleman and Munch for beginners: A poer point presentation explaining the algorythm in details.
Netparents : Resources for Internet Parents: Cyberspace -- just like a major city -- has its good sections and a few bad neighborhoods. And just like the real world, the online world poses new challenges for both parents and kids. There is help available for Internet Parents
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958: Beadle, Tatum, Lederberg: Their studies are concerned with the very basis of heredity and the manner in which the genes function.
North Carolina Entomological Society: Founded in 1956, the North Carolina Entomological Society was established to promote entomological accomplishment and to cultivate a closer relationship among its members through encouragement of: -Preparation, presentation, and publication of papers;
-Association and free discussions among professional and amateur entomologists;
-Dissemination of entomological information to the general public. Membership is open to all individuals interested in Entomology, whether professional or amateur. Active members are those who have paid their annual dues.
NOVA: Australian Academy of Science: Nova, brought to you by the Australian Academy of Science and our sponsors, looks at the science behind the headlines.Our goal is to provide reliable and up-to-date information for senior secondary school teachers to use in class (although we also hope that anyone with an interest in topical issues will find it useful). The information on Nova has been checked for accuracy by experts in the field and is updated regularly.
Nuffield foundation: The Nuffield Foundation is an independent charity with an income of £8 million a year. It makes grants to support research and innovation. Trustees give grants in the fields of Education, Science, Social research and innovation, Health, Disability and Ageing. The Foundation also has a Commonwealth programme.
Nuffield Foundation: The Nuffield Foundation is an independent charity with an income of £8 million a year. It makes grants to support research and innovation. Trustees give grants in the fields of Education, Science, Social research and innovation, Health, Disability and Ageing. The Foundation also has a Commonwealth programme.
OCR - Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations: OCR's (Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations) purpose is to develop, promote and provide a flexible range of qualifications which recognise the achievements of learners through all the phases of life and work.
OligoFaktory: OligoFaktory is a web portal that gives access to a series of online applications for the design of oligonucleotides. It is aimed at assisting researchers for a painless, rapid, automated, and reliable design. These applications integrate an innovative numerical approach to the minimization of undesirable interactions such as hairpins, homodimers, and heterodimers. Furthermore, each application is dedicated to a specific objective and provides great control over specific parameters and constraints.
OMIM: Inheritance in Man - A catalog of human genes and genetic disorders.: Welcome to OMIM(TM), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. This database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere, and developed for the World Wide Web by NCBI, the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
OMNI: Organised Medical Networked Information: We are a free online service providing you with access to the very best web resources for education and research, evaluated and selected by a network of subject specialists. There are over 31,000 resource descriptions listed here that are freely accessible for keyword searching or browsing
OmniMapFree: OmniMapFree is a computer program for displaying and analysing the genome of any organism. You can use it to generate genome maps of your own favourite organism and to link chromosome, genetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, molecular mutant and many other types of important information directly to the genomic sequence. It is very easy to use - it does not require any knowledge of databases or computer programming. All of the data is held in plain text files which can be created and modified using a simple text editor e.g. Notepad or Wordpad.
On Gaps: Gonzalo Giribet andWard C. Wheeler, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 13, No. 1, October, pp. 132143, 1999
ONDEX at Sourceforge: Framework for text mining, data integration and data analysis.
Ondex: Data integration and visualisation: The Ondex data integration platform enables data from diverse biological data sets to be linked, integrated and visualised through graph analysis techniques. Ondex uses a rich and flexible core data structure, which has the ability to bring together information from structured databases and unstructured sources such as biological sequence data and free text. Ondex also offers a front-end, which allows users to visualise and analyse the integrated data.
One Gene - One Enzyme Theory: This led them to postulate the one gene - one enzyme theory: each gene in an organism controls the production of a specific enzyme. It is these enzymes that catalyze the reactions that lead to the phenotype of the organism. Today, we know that, in fact, not only enzymes, but all the other proteins from which the organism is built are encoded by genes.
One Look Dictionaries: (844463 words in 197 dictionaries now indexed)
Online Biology Degree: We, at OnlineBiologyDegree.com, aim to create the most complete, reliable and useful resource for students interested in studying biology at any degree level. Our site has all of the information you need to help you determine if you should study biology, from the facts regarding biology education to personal anecdotes, and advice about working as a biology professional.
Online Lectures on BioInformatics: extensive collection of chapters, well referenced. Has improved a lot.
Online Schools - Resources: The Life Sciences Resource for Schools The field of Life Science seeks to investigate and explain living things in the world around us. Some life scientists examine the behavior of animals and seek to predict how they will act in variable situations. Others examine the life cycles of animals in order to help preserve the species.
Oregin: Contains details of Oils Seed Rape pathogens in the Oregin Collection
Orion Molecular Services: Orion Molecular Services is a newly established Biotechnology company based in the state-of-the-art facilities of the Biosciences Incubator in Manchester, UK
Oxford English Dictionary: For more than a century, the Oxford English Dictionary has been the undisputed authority on the history and development of the English language. With more than 2.5 million quotations illustrating how words are used, the OED is a unique source of information on the evolution of words and meanings, from the earliest times to the present day.
PALI Phylogeny and ALIgnment of homologous protein structures: This database provides structure based sequence alignments for homologous proteins of known 3-D structure. The alignments available include those of pairwise (two proteins at a time) and multiple (simultaneous superposition of all the structures in a family). The database also provides dendrograms depicting phylogenetic relationships based on sequence and structural similarities.
Paper on JalView: Summary: Multiple sequence alignment remains a crucial method for understanding the function of groups of related nucleic acid and protein sequences. However, it is known that automatic multiple sequence alignments can often be improved by manual editing. Therefore, tools are needed to view and edit multiple sequence alignments. Due to growth in the sequence databases, multiple sequence alignments can often be large and difficult to view efficiently. The Jalview Java alignment editor is presented here, which enables fast viewing and editing of large multiple sequence alignments.
Parents Information Network: PIN is an independent organisation set up to help parents become more informed, confident users of computers, software and the Internet. PIN advises on how computers support the learning process - how they are used in schools and how they can support learning at home and in the wider community - by children and the whole family. PIN is family friendly, with both educational credibility and common touch 'know how'.
Pauling, Linus Carl: The subjects of the papers he published reflect his great scientific versatility: about 350 publications in the fields of experimental determination of the structure of crystals by the diffraction of X-rays and the interpretation of these structures in terms of the radii and other properties of atoms;
PCR Jump Station: The ultimate Web page for information and links on all aspects of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR Primer Design Guidelines: Good primer design is essential for successful reactions. The important design considerations described below are a key to specific amplification with high yield.
pDRAW32 DNA analysis software : Draw plasmid, restriction analysis..
PEDOMETRICS (PM) : Pedometrics is the Commission 1.5 in Division 1 of the International Union of Soil Sciences. Here you can find more information about PM, whom to contact and what is going on in the world of PM.
Pest Resistance at the Center for Integrated Plant Systems: The mission of this center is to develop, evaluate, integrate and extend knowledge about ecologically based integrated crop management (ICM) policies, strategies, tactics and tools.
Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA): Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA) has campaigned to replace pesticides with ecologically sound alternatives since 1982. Our strategy is to link over 130 affiliated health, consumer, labor, environment, progressive agriculture and public interest groups in Canada, Mexico and the U.S. with more than 400 partners worldwide to promote healthier, more effective pest management through education, media, demonstrations of alternatives and international advocacy campaigns.
Pfam Homepage: Pfam is a high-quality comprehensive collection of protein domain families.
Pharma-Lexicon: The world\'s largest database of medical, pharma, biotech, agrochem and healthcare abbreviations (and their meanings). 46,000 entries. Created as a result of contributions from hundreds of people and organisations the world over. A must for doctors, pharmacists, scientists, healthcare professionals, students and academics.
Pherobase: Chemical signals are the main channel of communication in arthropods especially insects. They are used in sexual attraction, aggregation, trail following, recruitment, defense and in many other ways. Since the discovery of the sex pheromone of the silk worm, Bombyx mori in 1959, considerable data on the identification of the chemical signals that govern insect behaviour have been published. The main objective of The Pherobase is to provide coverage of the literature published on chemical communication in the entire animal kingdom.
Phi-base: Pathogene Host interaction: This database contains expertly curated molecular and biological information on genes proven to affect the outcome of pathogen-host interactions
Philodendron - Phylogenetic tree printer: Phylodendron is an application for drawing phylogenetic trees, used in evolutionary biology. Options allow you to save in various formats, print, edit, modify, and adorn the tree. This version of Phylodendron includes the ability to run as a Web service.
Phoretix: This is a site detailing our gel electrophoresis analysis software. It does contain a regularly updated news section, some interesting general information articles and a number of links to other relevant sites. It is a site for our commercial product but we have tried to concentrate on making it interesting rather than simply trying to sell our products!
phpWizard: PhpWizard.net provides resources for web application development with PHP
Phylemon: a suite of web-tools for molecular evolution, phylogenetics and phylogenomics
Phylip: PHYLIP (the PHYLogeny Inference Package) is a package of programs for inferring phylogenies (evolutionary trees). It is available free over the Internet, and written to work on as many different kinds of computer systems as possible.
Phylip faq: Questions about problems getting it to work:
Phylogenetic Resources: Today\\\'s session is a VERY brief introduction to phylogenetics. For a more complete experience, consider the two week course, Workshop on Molecular Evolution held by the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole.
PHYLOGENY ESTIMATION : traditional and Bayesian approaches: The construction of evolutionary trees is now a standard part of exploratory sequence analysis. Bayesian methods for estimating trees have recently been proposed as a faster method of incorporating the power of complex statistical models into the process. Researchers who rely on comparative analyses need to understand the theoretical and practical motivations that underlie these new techniques, and how they differ from previous methods. The ability of the new approaches to address previously intractable questions is making phylogenetic analysis an essential tool in an increasing number of areas of genetic research.
Phylogeny programs cross-referenced by method and system: This table lists packages by method cross-referenced with systems on which the programs work. I have used the descriptions provided by the authors of the packages where possible, but errors and omissions are entirely possible.
Phylogeny.fr: Phylogeny.fr is a free, simple to use web service dedicated to reconstructing and analysing phylogenetic relationships between molecular sequences.

Phylogeny.fr runs and connects various bioinformatics programs to reconstruct a robust phylogenetic tree from a set of sequences.
Pitsco's Ask An Expert: Select from 12 categories with over 300 web sites and email addresses where you can find experts to answer your questions from the Amish lifestyle to facts about zoo keeping. Ask an Expert is a directory of links to people who have volunteered their time to answer questions and webpages that provide information.
Plant Proteome Annotation Program: The Plant Proteome Annotation Program (PPAP) focuses on the annotation of plant-specific proteins and protein families.
PlasMapper: plasmid drawing Online: A sophisticated web application to draw plasmids
PLoS Biology: PLoS Biology features works of exceptional significance in all areas of biological science, from molecules to ecosystems, including works at the interface with other disciplines, such as chemistry, medicine, and mathematics.All works published in the PLoS Biology are open access. Everything is immediately available without cost to anyone, anywhere to read, download, redistribute, include in databases, and otherwise use subject only to the condition that the original authorship is properly attributed. Copyright is retained by the author
POLAND: Thermal denaturation: The Poland server will calculate the thermal denaturation profile of double-stranded RNA, DNA or RNA/DNA-hybrids based on sequence input and parameter settings in this form.
Polymerase Chain Reaction - Xeroxing DNA: More info about the Polymerase Chain Reaction.
POPGENE: The User-friendly Freeware For Population Genetic Analysis
Population Biology Simulation: Collected here are a few simple simulations (written in Java) I use (or plan to use) when teaching principles of population genetics and population ecology in various courses. (Kent Holsinger)
Populations to Molecules: 994 High School Biology Institute Faculty and Participants I. Historical Background Unraveling the Code of Life - A Historical Perspective of the Genetic Revolution History of Genetics Timeline
POV-Ray: The Persistence of Vision Raytracer is a high-quality, totally free tool for creating stunning three-dimensional graphics. It is available in official versions for Windows 95/98/NT, DOS, the Macintosh, i86 Linux, SunOS, and Amiga. The source code is available for those wanting to do their own ports.
Pov-Ray faq pages: Part of the documentation with the FAQs
Prediction of proteinhydrolytic sites: The NetPicoRNA World Wide Web server produces neural network predictions of cleavage sites of picornaviral proteases
Primer on Molecular Genetics (Department of energy): This primer was prepared by Denise Casey (Human Genome Management Information System - Oak Ridge National Laboratory) for the 1991-92 DOE Human Genome Program Report and modified for Web access by Dan Jacobson.
Primer3: Primer3 is a widely used program for designing PCR primers (PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction). PCR is an essential and ubiquitous tool in genetics and molecular biology. Primer3 can also design hybridization probes and sequencing primers. PCR is used for many different goals. Consequently, primer3 has many different input parameters that you control and that tell primer3 exactly what characteristics make good primers for your goals.
Principe des DNA sur Puce: Les puces à ADN permettent de mesurer et de visualiser très rapidement les différences d'expression entre les gènes et ceci à l'échelle d'un génome complet. Si la mise en oeuvre de la technique est assez compliquée, son principe est très simple. En voici les principales étapes
Principle of Biochemistry: Courses notes or Handouts. A lot of information, arranged into separate set of handouts. There are no details, but good summary of what should be known.
Principles of Protein Structure Using the Internet: Birkbeck College\'s Advanced Certificate in the Principles of Protein Structure using the Internet is a tutor-assisted course accredited by the University of London. The course exploits modern developments in communications, which means that students from any country may study the course at home, at work or in your university. It is of one year duration and of final year undergraduate/postgraduate standard. The course coordinator is Dr Jim Pitts. Dr. Clare Sansom is the principal tutor and course material developer.
Principles of transcriptome analysis and gene expression quantification: an RNA-seq tutorial: This article gives a broad overview and provides practical guidance for the many steps involved in a typical RNA-seq work flow from sampling, to RNA extraction, library preparation and data analysis. I focus on principles, present useful tools where appropriate and point out where caution is needed or progress to be expected. This tutorial is mostly targeted at beginners, but also contains potentially useful reflections for the more experienced.
Prodom: The ProDom protein domain database consists of an automatic compilation of homologous domains detected in the SWISS-PROT database (Bairoch A, Boeckmann B, 1991, Nucleic Acids Res., 19:2247-2249) by the DOMAINER algorithm (Sonnhammer, E.L.L. & Kahn, D., 1994, Protein Sci. 3:482-492). It has been devised to assist with the analysis of the domain arrangement of proteins. Here is a outline of what this ProDom server can do for you
PROF: Secondary Structure Prediction System: Submit a single amino acid sequence for secondary structure prediction.
Professional Associates Annotated Guide to curriculum: To help my colleagues in education and business, I have created an annotated guide to curriculum and business resources on the Web. These links are designed to help those at all levels (beginning, or advanced), find "convenient, age-appropriate, activity-based ideas and web sites that can be used immediately."
Professor Richard J Cherry: The ability of cell surface receptors to move in the plane of the membrane and to form dynamic associations with themselves and with other cell surface molecules is of fundamental importance to many cellular functions. My research group has developed novel methods, based on fluorescence microscopy, for studying these properties. The instrumentation consists of a cooled slow-scan CCD camera attached to an
PROMALS: PROMALS constructs multiple protein sequence alignments using information from database searches and secondary structure prediction.
Protein Architecture tutorials: The Lehninger 3D Structure Tutorials are designed to accompany Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd edition, by Lehninger, Nelson, and Cox. They are built around the Chemscape Chime 2.0 plugin, which reads the atomic coordinates of a biological macromolecule and renders it as a fully interactive 3D structure.
Learn about all aspects of protein structure, from the chemical properties of the amino acids to the interaction of multiple chains in giant molecules.
Protein Data Bank Docs: The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is an archive of experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of biological macromolecules, serving a global community of researchers, educators, and students.
Protein Explorer: Protein Explorer is free software for visualizing the three-dimensional structures of protein, DNA, and RNA macromolecules, and their interactions and binding of ligands, inhibitors, and drugs. It is arguably the easiest-to-use software of its kind.
Protein Information Resource: The Protein Information Resource (PIR), maintains the PIR-International Protein Sequence Database --- a comprehensive, annotated, and non-redundant set of protein sequence databases in which entries are classified into family groups and alignments of each group are available.
Protein sequence analysis at UCL: Our research concerns protein sequence analysis, primarily exploiting the technique of protein `fingerprinting\' (which uses conserved motifs to characterise particular folds and functionalities). We maintain a database of fingerprints (PRINTS), which complements PROSITE. We aim to improve fingerprint potency, to enhance predictive power in the Twilight Zone. We also design software to display sequence and structural data in visually-striking ways (e.g. using Java).
Protocol Online: Protocol Online (POL), formerly Shortcuts to Molecular Biology Protocols, provides researchers with comprehensive collection of links to cell and molecular biology, immunology protocols, methods and tips.
Protocol Online: This site contains useful protocols and reference material of all kinds mainly for the bench scientists, but by far the most useful part is the Bioforum Archive. This site can be very useful, particularly when you are doing a new procedure that no one in the lab has done. Just type in a query if you are having difficulty in the lab, eg qPCR primer design, and read where other people get stuck and solutions etc. The comments are well written (usually) and concise. Usually the questions get answered too which is a bonus.
ProtParam: (References) is a tool which allows the computation of various physical and chemical parameters for a given protein stored in SWISS-PROT or for a user entered sequence. The computed parameters include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY)
PubMed: he PubMed search system provides access to the PubMed database of bibliographic information, which is drawn primarily from MEDLINE and PREMEDLINE. In addition, for participating journals that are indexed selectively for MEDLINE, PubMed includes all articles from that journal, not just those that are included in MEDLINE. Finally, PubMed also provides access to the molecular biology databases included in NCBI's Entrez retrieval system. It is expected that access to additional National Library of Medicine databases will be added in the future.
QCA: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority: The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) brings together the work of the National Council for Vocational Qualifications (NCVQ) and the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority (SCAA) with additional powers and duties. This gives it a unique overview of curriculum, assessment and qualifications across the whole of education and training.
Questions and Answers about Gene therapy: Hundreds of major health problems are influenced by gene functions. In the future, gene therapy could be used to treat many of these conditions...
RASCAL: rapid scanning and correction of multiple sequence alignments : The accuracy and reliability of RASCAL is demonstrated using: (i) alignments from the BAliBASE benchmark database, where significant improvements were often observed, with no deterioration of the existing high-quality regions, (ii) a large scale study involving 946 alignments from the ProDom protein domain database, where alignment quality was increased in 68% of the cases; and (iii) an automatic pipeline to obtain a high-quality alignment of 695 full-length nuclear receptor proteins, which took 11 min on a DEC Alpha 6100 computer
Rasmol: V2.6 Molecular Visualisation Program . RasMol2 is a molecular graphics program intended for the visualisation of proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules. The program is aimed at display, teaching and generation of publication quality images. RasMol runs on Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh, UNIX and VMS systems.
RawDot: Large Dot Plots. This page accesses a very fast dot plot algorithm designed for large DNA sequences. This demonstration only allows a sequence to be compared with itself.
Ray's Educational Shareware: Great Educational Shareware and Freeware for all.
Reputer. Search for repeats in a DNA sequence: REPuter computes all maximal duplications and reverse, complemented and reverse complemented repeats in a DNA input sequence.
RESearch - a new computer program for DNA analysis: The main design philosophy behind the development of RESearch was to make the basic DNA analysis tools readily available on IBM PCs, and to make them easy to use. RESearch enables molecular biologists to analyse a GCG formatted sequence in several ways including searching for short nucleotide sequences and restriction enzyme sites, translating open reading frames and searching for short amino acid sequences.
ResearchIndex (formerly CiteSeer): ResearchIndex is a scientific literature digital library that aims to improve the dissemination and feedback of scientific literature, and to provide improvements in functionality, usability, availability, cost, comprehensiveness, efficiency, and timeliness.
Researchpaper: The Web's largest collection of topics, ideas, and assistance for school related research projects.
REST-284: Relative Expression Software Tool: Therefore new software tools were established, named REST © (Relative Expression Software Tool), which compare two or more treatments groups or conditions (in REST-MCS), with up to 100 data points in sample or control group (in REST-XL), for multiple reference genes and up to 15 target genes (in REST-384) . The mathematical model used is based on the correction for exact PCR efficiencies and the mean crossing point deviation between sample group(s) and control group(s). Subsequently the expression ratio results of the investigated transcripts are tested for significance by a Pair Wise Fixed Reallocation Randomisation Test © and plotted using standard error (SE) estimation via a complex Taylor algorithm.
Restriction Mapper: Restriction Mapper is a web site that finds restriction endonuclease cleavage sites in DNA sequences. It supports linear and circular DNA and provides several ways to sort and filter output.
Restriction of Lambda: Biotechnology Education Program
Review of BioEdit - 1 (BITS - 2005): This package is quick and easy-to-use for editing sequences and plasmid drawing. However it is limited when it comes to sequence analysis, with much fewer tools than GCG. It can accept a wide range of file formats and with the additional accessory applications such as ClustalW, it is particularly useful for performing multiple sequence alignments and editing them. It can be customised by adding external applications and by adding www tools.
RNAstructure: RNAstructure is a Windows program for the prediction and analysis of RNA secondary structure. It works with Windows ME, Windows NT 4, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. (Note that with Windows Vista, you will need to install the older Windows help reader by following the instructions provided by Microsoft to use the online help. We are working to change this.) Version 4.6 includes a secondary structure prediction algorithm, a sequence editor, an integrated drawing tool, the OligoWalk program, OligoScreen, Dynalign, and a partition function calculator. RNAstructure uses the most current thermodynamic parameters from the Turner lab.
Ron's Education Site: This site is concerned primarily with distance learning. Occasionally, other educational matters will be covered, either because of their topicality, or through popular demand.
Rosalind Franklin: Rosalind Franklin always liked facts. She was logical and precise, and impatient with things that were otherwise. She decided to become a scientist when she was 15. She passed the examination for admission to Cambridge University in 1938, and it sparked a family crisis....
Rothamsted Research: Over its 160 year history, Rothamsted Research has built an enviable international reputation as a centre of excellence for science in support of sustainable land management and its environmental impact. Its scientific research ranges from studies of genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and soil processes to investigations at the ecosystem and landscape scale.
Rothamsted Resources for School: Rothamsted Research is strongly committed to its work in collaboration with local schools. Through Research Councils UK and the BBSRCs network of Local Schools Coordinators, Rothamsted help local schools to develop links with our scientists.
Royal Society for Chemistry: The Society is a major publisher and provider of chemical information, supports the teaching of chemistry at all levels, organises hundreds of chemical meetings a year and is a leader in communicating science to the public.
Royal Society, The: As the UK national academy of science founded in 1660, the Royal Society plays a crucial role as the champion of top quality science and technology.
Saps PCR Brassica Kit: Each kit contains a comprehensive set of documentation written by the SAPS team with advice on growing the plants, ideas for investigations, student sheets, teachers notes etc.
SAPS: Mitosis in root tips: Talking about what chromosomes do during mitosis could be very interesting, but seeing them for yourself adds an extra dimension.
SAT: Sequence Alignment Teacher: Dynamic programming (DP) is a general optimization strategy that is successfully used across various disciplines of science. In bioinformatics, it is widely applied in calculating the optimal alignment between pairs of protein or DNA sequences. These alignments form the basis of new, verifiable biological hypothesis. Despite its importance, there are no interactive tools available for training and education on understanding the DP algorithm. Here, we introduce an interactive computer application with a graphical interface, for the purpose of educating students about DP. The program displays the DP scoring matrix and the resulting optimal alignment(s), while allowing the user to modify key parameters such as the values in the similarity matrix, the sequence alignment algorithm version and the gap opening/extension penalties.
Satchmo: Simultaneous Alignment and Tree Construction using Hidden Markov mOdels. SATCHMO simultaneously constructs a tree and a set of multiple sequence alignments, one for each internal node of the tree.
Scicentral: Gateway to over 50,000 scientific sites pertaining to over 120 specialties in science, medicine and engineering. This metadirectory also includes government and institutional listings, as well as the Commerce Business Daily and Medline -- all free.
Science: Science, online: Published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, with assistance of Stanford University's HighWire Press
Science Learning Network: The Science Learning Network explores how telecomputing can support inquiry-based science education. Sponsored by Unisys and the US National Science Foundation.
Science Museum (the): The Science Museum's web site. Online exhibitions, view the collections, special events and information for visitors.
Science Week: 'SCIENCE-WEEK is a weekly digest of the news of science, available via Email with a paid subscription of US$10 per year. (Availability by paid subscription begins August 1, 1998. Until then, Email delivery is free to any subscriber.)
Science Week: A journal devoted to the improvement of communication between the scientific disciplines, and between scientists, science educators, and science policy-makers.
Scientific Classification: Scientific classification is how scientists categorize and name plants and animals.
Scirus - Scientific search engine: Scirus has proved so successful at locating science-specific results on the Web that the Search Engine Watch Awards voted Scirus \'Best Specialty Search Engine\' in 2001 and 2002 and \'Best Directory or Search Engine Website\' WebAward from Web Marketing Association in 2004.
SciTech, daily review: It can be hard to find intelligent, informed science and technology coverage, so we treasure those writers and publications who make the effort to help keep us informed. Settle back and read the thought-provoking coverage of scitech issues with SciTech Daily Review.
Scop: Structural Classification of Proteins: Welcome to scop: Structural Classification of Proteins. Release 1.35. 5493 PDB Entries (3 Mar 97). 10781 Domains. 138 Literature References.
SCORPION (amino acid frequences): SCORPION is the WWW tool for analysis of the amino acid frequences within protein chain(s) (of given pdb file or group of pdb files) as well as foranalysis of 3D contacts of C-alpha and/or Last Hevy Atoms in the residue side chain (LHA). Convinient Graphical presentation can be used for identification of specific interactions for given family of the proteins or given domains.
Scottish Crop Research Institute: SCRI aims to increase knowledge in the basic biological sciences; to improve crop quality and utilisation by the application of conventional and molecular genetical techniques and novel agronomic practices; and to develop environmentally benign methods of protecting crops from depredations by pests, pathogens and weeds.
Selectscience.net: The Scientists' choice for independent and interactive information from the worldwide laboratory industry.
SeqSearch: SeqSearch is build around a collection of databases for restriction enzymes, DNA sequences, plasmids, contructs, oligo's and motifs and offers an extended set of editing and analysis tools.
Serial Cloner: Serial Cloner is a Molecular Biology software. It provides tools with an intuitive interface that assists you in DNA cloning, sequence analysis and visualization.
SGM: Educational Resources on Microbiology: The following pages are compiled from information sheets that are produced by the SGM and MISAC (Microbiology in Schools Advisory Committee).
SGM= Society for General Microbiology
Short Courses at Cranfield University: We share our expertise through our popular MSc course and occasional short courses. All of our courses are overseen by an external advisory group with members drawn from industry and academia.
Sickle Cell Anemia, from the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland: Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is caused by a change in the chemical composition of the hemoglobin protein that carries oxygen inside of the red blood cells (RBC's).
SIGFIND - Signal Peptide Prediction Server (Human): This software (SIGFIND) predicts signal peptides at the start of protein sequences or searches open reading frames with a potential signal peptide coded in nucleotide sequences. The sig.pep. score along the sequence indicates the location and size of the signal-peptide. This score ranges from 0 (=no signal peptide) to 9 (=max. score for presence of a signal peptide). The range where this score drops from high to low indicates the approximate position of the cleavage site.
SIGMA: The entire Sigma catalog on line. Search by name, number, chemical structure and any key word. All Biochemicals for any type of laboratory work. All types of PCR reagents (Taq, JumpStart Taq, RedTaq, AccuTaq, dNTPs, custom oligos etc) Sequencing reagents (gels, plates, clean-up kits) DNA and RNA purification kits (plasmid, genomic, etc) Recombinant protein expression (Trasnfection reagents, vectors, media, competent cells, purification supports, western blotting reagents etc) Cell culture reagents (media, fetal bovine serum) Cell signaling reagents (antibodies, reagents, kits)

Package inserts on-line. MSDS info on-line. Orders taken on-line - handled by your local Sigma-Aldrich office. Pricing on-line in most national currencies. Technical Services ("Ask a Scientist") on-line
Silicon Cell - Toward Computing the Living Cell: The long-term goal of the Consortium is the computation of Life at the cellular level on the basis of the complete genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and cell-physiomic information that will become available in the forthcoming years.
Society for General Microbiology: The SGM has been established for over 50 years, promoting and supporting the art, science and significance of microbiology and associated subjects worldwide. Here you will find information about all the Society's activities, and about the importance of microbiology in today's world.
Society for General Microbiology: Welcome to the Society for General Microbiology web site. The SGM has been established for over 50 years, promoting and supporting the art, science and significance of microbiology and associated subjects worldwide. Here you will find information about all the Society's activities, and about the importance of microbiology in today's world.
Society of Nematologists (The): The Society of Nematologists is an international organization formed to advance the science of nematology in both its fundamental and economic aspects. To serve this purpose, the Society of Nematologists acts as an agency for the exchange of information, holds regular meetings, and promotes and extends knowledge in all phases of nematology. The society operates on a nonprofit basis exclusively for the accomplishment of these educational and scientific goals.
Softberry: Huge collection of software for the analysis and annotation of sequences and genomes.
Software: Atoms, Symbols and Equations: Unique interactive Chemistry software for Windows which tests students as they learn. Starting from very basic principles, the program guides students through all the concepts required for understanding and writing chemical formulae and for balancing chemical equations.
South Carolina Department of Natural Resources: The South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) is the advocate for and steward of the state's natural resources. The Department develops and implements policies and programs for the conservation, management, utilization and protection of the state's natural resources based upon scientifically sound resource management, assessment and monitoring, applied research, technology transfer, comprehensive planning, public education, technical assistance and constituent involvement. The Department of Natural Resources is pro-active in protecting the state's natural resources for use and enjoyment by future generations of South Carolinian's.
Spanish Omelette: analogy to fundamental dogma: The following is a good way to show the relationships among cell, nucleus, genes, chromosome, ribosome, replication, mitosis, transcription, translation, DNA, RNA, amino acids and proteins, genotype, phenotype, and genetic vs. environmental causes of cell defects.
Species 2000: Species 2000 has the objective of enumerating all known species of plants, animals, fungi and microbes on Earth as the baseline dataset for studies of global biodiversity. It will also provide a simple access point enabling users to link from here to other data systems for all groups of organisms, using direct species-links. Users worldwide will be able to verify the scientific name, status and classification of any known species through species checklist data drawn from an array of participating databases. Species
Species delimitation a geneious plugin for the exploration of species boundaries: Species Delimitation is a plugin to the Geneious software to support the exploration of species boundaries in a gene tree. The user assigns taxa to putative species and the plugin computes statistics relating to the probability of the observed monophyly or exclusivity having occurred by chance in a coalescent process. It also assesses the within and between species genetic distances to infer the probability with which members of a putative species might be identified successfully with tree-based methods.
Staden Documentation: The manual describes, in turn, each of the main programs in the package: gap4, and then pregap4 and its associated programs such as trev, and then spin. This is followed by a description of the graphical user interface, the ZTR, SCF and Experiment file formats used by our software, UNIX manpages for several of the smaller programs, and finally a list of papers published about the software. The description for each of the programs includes an introductory section which is intended to be sufficient to enable people to start using them, although in order to get the most from the programs, and to find the most efficient ways of using them we recommend that the whole manual is read once. The mini-manual is made up from the introductory sections for each of the main programs.
Staden Site at sanger: The Staden Package consists of a series of tools for DNA sequence preparation (pregap4), assembly (gap4), editing (gap4) and DNA/protein sequence analysis (spin). The package was originally developed at the MRC-LMB in Cambridge. It is now open source (BSD licence) and is hosted on sourceforge.net.
STING: STING is a PDB Viewer and Interactive WWW TOOL with emphasis on bi-directional coupling of sequence and 3D information.
STING: Sequence To and withIN Graphics: STING is a WWW tool for the simultaneous display of information about macromolecular structure (in STING's Graphics Frame) and sequence (in STING's Sequence Frame). Special attention is given to MacroMolecular INTERFACE analysis.
STINGpaint: STINGpaint was developed to allow the presentation of residue physico-chemical characteristics in the Sequence Frame in our package STING. As a consequence, during development of STING project, we have slightly expanded on STINGpaint idea and adopted it for use with Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) coloring. It turns out that this tool was very interesting for people wanting to easily grasp specifically colored regions along the MSA
Stratagene Eagle Eye Still Video System: still video system is a fully integrated combination of advanced imaging electronics, intuitive software and sensitive CCD optics for image documentation, enhancement and analysis
Structural Biophysics Web Resources: A collection of links to Web Sites of value to protein scientists
Swiss PDB Viewer: Swiss-PdbViewer is an application that provides a user friendly interface allowing to analyse several proteins at the same time. The proteins can be superimposed in order to deduce structural alignments and compare their active sites or any other relevant parts. Amino acid mutations, H-bonds, angles and distances between atoms are easy to obtain thanks to the intuitive graphic and menu interface.
Moreover, Swiss-PdbViewer is tightly linked to Swiss-Model, an automated homology modelling server running at Glaxo Welcome Experimental Research in Geneva.
SWISS-PROT : Annotated Protein Database: SWISS-PROT is a curated protein sequence database which strives to provide a high level of annotations (such as the description of the function of a protein, its domains structure, post-translational modifications, variants, etc), a minimal level of redundancy and high level of integration with other databases (Disclaimer).
System Biology, the 21st century Science: Systems biology is the study of an organism, viewed as an integrated and interacting network of genes, proteins and biochemical reactions which give rise to life. Instead of analyzing individual components or aspects of the organism, such as sugar metabolism or a cell nucleus, systems biologists focus on all the components and the interactions among them, all as part of one system....
Tablet - Next Generation Sequence Assembly Visualization: Tablet is a lightweight, high-performance graphical viewer for next generation sequence assemblies and alignments.
TAIR: Arabidopsis thaliana WU-BLAST2 Search: The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) provides a comprehensive resource for the scientific community working with Arabidopsis thaliana, a widely used model plant. TAIR consists of a searchable relational database, which includes many different datatypes.
Tatum, Edward Laurie: ...when he and Beadle decided to give up their work on Drosophila and to work instead with the fungus Neurospora crassa, it was Tatum who discovered that biotin was necessary for the successful cultivation of this fungus on simple inorganic media and thus provided these two workers with the genetic material that they needed for the work which gained them, together with Joshua Lederberg, the Nobel Prize.
TCoffee on the BAB web server: Please use this version of TCoffee for your sensitive data
TeacherNetUK with teachers for teachers.: TeacherNet UK is an independent organisation formed to help teachers, student teachers and teacher educators in every discipline benefit from the use of information and communication technologies for their professional development. It is an organisation based on partnership, developed with teachers for teachers.
Teachers Evaluating Educational Multimedia: The TEEM (Teachers Evaluating Educational Multimedia) project is supported by the Guardian and the government. The project aims to review all software published in the UK which is specifically intended for use in schools. The reviews are compiled by specially trained teachers who have evaluated the software in their own classrooms.
Technical Tips Online: Technical Tips Online is a new electronic publication forum that builds on the success and popularity of the Technical Tips section in Trends in Genetics. It is available free of charge to all users.
TEKTRAN: TEKTRAN summaries on the Internet are "snapshots in time" -- selected pre-publication notices -- of recent research results from the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. You can search TEKTRAN to glimpse the future of food and nutrition, crops and livestock, natural resources, and industrial products and technology. You can also read breaking news in biology, chemistry, and other sciences. We update TEKTRAN regularly -- adding summaries of new articles that scientists have submitted for publication and removing summaries after three years. We exclude some summaries to protect potential patents.
Texas Environmental Center (TEC): The Texas Environmental Center (TEC) is a non-profit organization extending environmental information through modern technologies. TEC has been a pioneer in the use of the Internet since 1991, when we developed one of the first electronic environmental libraries in the nation in a partnership with Rice University. TEC now maintains several Web-based projects.
The 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: This yearŽs Nobel Prize in chemistry has been awarded to Sidney Altman, USA and Thomas Cech, USA for their discovery that RNA (ribonucleic acid) in living cells is not only a molecule of heredity but also can function as a biocatalyst.
The Chemical Calculator: Chemical Calculator 6.0 is a shareware program designed for chemists, biologists and other scientific professionals. Its main purpose is to perform the calculations involved in the calculation of the amount of reagent to use when mixing up solutions. If you have ever worked in a lab you probably know how time consuming these calculations are. You probably also know how easy it is to make a mistake in one of these calculations and ruin an experiment that may take days or weeks to repeat.
The CodeProject: Your place for 9,045 free C++, C# and .NET articles, code snippets, discussions, news and the best bunch of developers on the net.
The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA - The Double Helix: The work of many scientists paved the way for the exploration of DNA. Way back in 1868, almost a century before the Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins, a young Swiss physician named Friedrich Miescher, isolated something no one had ever seen before from the nuclei of cells. He called the compound nuclein. This is today called nucleic acid, the NA in DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic-acid) and RNA (ribo-nucleic-acid).
The DNA Files: The genetic revolution affects us every day: our health, our food, our families. The DNA Files explains how.
The Draft Human Genome Sequence, an Introduction: Anyone with a computer and an Internet connnection can now explore the draft sequence of the human genome. How can molecular biologists capitalize on these data riches, and what are the advantages of using the assembled draft sequence? This website aims to jump-start those who want make use of this information, but are not sure where or how to start.
The Electrophoresis Society: The Electrophoresis Society Homepage: Improving and Promoting Technologies for Biomolecular Separation and Detection
The Ensembl Project: Ensembl is a joint project between EMBL-EBI and the Sanger Centre to develop a software system which produces and maintains automatic annotation on eukaryotic genomes.
The GDB Browser: The Genome Database (GDB) stores and curates genomic mapping data submitted by researchers worldwide and provides this information electronically to the scientific community. Getting Started
The Gene School: a comprehensive, educational site exploring the fascinating innovations and discoveries of genetic science. Begin your journey through the world of genetics using the search engine or simply by browsing through a topic; either way, you will find that genetic science is an exciting field!
The Microbiology Network: The Microbiology Network serves as a communication resource for the microbiologist. The objective of this service is to encourage communication within the microbiology and biotechnology community. This is accomplished by active promotion of microbiology related user's groups on the WWW, mail lists, forums, and file libraries.
The Mitochondria Research Society: The purpose of MRS is to find a cure for mitochondrial diseases by promoting research on basic science of mitochondria, mitochondrial pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment through out the world.
The Nobel Channel: Dynamic search engine for access to all information.
The photosynthetic process (article): This introductory chapter focuses on the structure of the photosynthetic machinery and the reactions essential for transforming light energy into chemical energy.
The Structure of a Transmembrane Channel: A research report of SCIENCE magazine ("The structure of the potassium channel: Molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity," by Doyle et al, SCIENCE, 280: 69-77, 1998) has shown the potassium channel in great detail. These researchers, working in New York City, solved the structure of the potassium channel from a bacterium using X-ray crystallography.
The Tech Genetics: Understanding Genetics, the newest online exhibition from TheTech Museum.
The Tumor Gene Database: The Tumor Gene Database contains information about genes which are targets for cancer-causing mutations; proto-oncogenes and tumor supressor genes. Its goal is to provide a standard set of facts (e.g. protein size, biochemical activity, chromosomal location, ...) about all known tumor genes. At present, the database contains over 2600 facts on over 300 genes.
The Visible Embryo: The Visible Embryo teaches the first four weeks of human development from fertilization to somite development. Very easy to follow.
The Wheat EST Database: In the Functional Genomics group at the University of Bristol, we are (in collaboration with Rothamstead Research) investigating gene function in wheat and maize as part of the BBSRC IGF program.
The xylem (Botany Online): The xylem is the principal water-conducting tissue of vascular plants. It consists of tracheary elements, tracheids and wood vessels and of additional xylem fibres. All of them are elongated cells with secondary cell walls that lack protoplasts at maturity. Bordered pits are typical for tracheids, while wood vessels are marked by perforated or completely dissolved final walls.
ThinkBank: Homeostasis: A flash presentation of homeostasis
Thinkquest: The ThinkQuest Program is the largest and fastest-growing Internet-based non-profit education program in the world. The three ThinkQuest Contests provide a highly motivating opportunity for students and educators to work collaboratively in teams to learn as they create materials and teach others..
TIGR - Comprehensive Microbial Resource: The Comprehensive Microbial Resource (CMR) is a free website used to display information on all of the publicly available, complete prokaryotic genomes. In addition to the convenience of having all of the organisms on a single website, common data types across all genomes in the CMR make searches more meaningful, and cross genome analysis highlight differences and similarities between the genomes.
TIGR - Genome Projects: TIGR\'s Genome Projects are a collection of curated databases containing DNA and protein sequence, gene expression, cellular role, protein family, and taxonomic data for microbes, plants and humans.
Times Education Supplement: The Times Educational Supplement is the UK's foremost weekly publication covering the world of primary, secondary and further education, as well as being the market leader for job advertising. Its news reporting and background analysis cover a diverse range of issues from curriculum changes to Government funding.
Tips for Preparing and Delivering Scientific Talks: To improve the flow of information among scientists, this publication attempts to provide advice and observations on preparing and delivering a scientific talk. Many of the points apply to any public speaking situation, but many are unique to a scientific environment. The focus here is on the invited presentation, but impromptu and contributed talks could also benefit from incorporating several of the suggestions.
TmPrime: TmPrime is a computer program to design oligonucleotide sets for LCR- and PCR-based gene synthesis to construct man-made DNA sequences by assembling pools of oligonucleotides. The program divides the long input DNA sequence based on the user specified melting temperatures and assembly conditions, and dynamically optimizes the length of oligonucleotides to achieve homologous melting temperatures. The output reports the melting temperatures, oligonucleotide sequences, and potential formation of secondary structures in a PDF file which will be sent to you via email.
TOPALi: There are a growing number of biological questions that can be answered by analysing multiple sequence alignment data. We have extended the original TOPALi Java application, beyond recombination detection, to launch a range of statistical and evolutionary analyses of multiple sequence alignments as web services. The extended TOPALi v2 provides phylogenetic model selection, Bayesian analysis (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree estimation, detection of sites under positive selection, and recombination breakpoint location analysis.
TOPSAN: The TOPSAN project was developed to collect, share, and distribute information about protein three-dimensional structures. TOPSAN will serve as a portal for the scientific community to learn about protein structures solved by SG centers, and also to contribute their expertise in annotating protein function.
Transcriptom Sequencing News: The purpose of the RNA-Seq Blog is to present news and information, and spur discussion about topics related to RNA-Seq.
Transformation of Competent cells: Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA (e.g plasmids, BAC) into a bacterium. Bacterial cells into which foreign DNA can be transformed are called competent.
Travlang's Translating Dictionaries: A collection of many on-line translating dictionaries! A very goo way to learn a new language.
Tree inference at the T-REX server: The most comprehensive web server version includes methods for Visualization and interactive manipulation of phylogenetic trees (using Hierarchical, Radial and Axial types of drawing); Inference of phylogenetic trees using distance (NJ, BioNJ, UNJ, ADDTREE, MW, FITCH, Circular order reconstruction),parsimony (DNAPARS, PROTPARS, PARS, DOLLOP) and maximum likelihood (PHYML, DNAML, DNAMLK, PROML, PROMLK) based approaches; Inference of phylogenetic trees form incomplete distance matrices; Inference of phylogenetic networks (i.e. Reticulograms); Detection of horizontal gene transfers; Multiple sequence alignment (ClustalW), Sequence to distance transformations(using Uncorrected, Jukes-Cantor, Tajima-Nei, Kimura 2-parameter, Tamura, Jin-Nei gamma, Kimura protein, LogDet and F84 distances); Computation of the Robison and Foulds topological distance between two or more trees. The program can also carry out bootstrap and jackknife resampling to assess strength of support of the tree and network branches.
Tree of Life (the): A multi-authored, distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity
TreeGraph 2: TreeGraph 2 is a graphical editor for phylogenetic trees which allows you to apply lots of graphical formats to the elements of your tree. Moreover, it supports several (visible or invisible) annotations (e.g. support values) for every branch or node. These annotations can be imported from Nexus tree files or text files containing data in a table (e.g. exported from a spreadsheet program).
Tritimed: This project aims to identify crop traits and genetic ideotypes, in wheat, that impart higher and more stable yield under Mediterranean drought conditions. This shall be realised by using an integrated approach combing genomics, quantitative genetics and crop physiology
Tutorial on ClustalW: Clustal W is a general purpose global multiple sequence alignment program for DNA or proteins. It produces biologically meaningful multiple sequence alignments of divergent sequences. It calculates the best match for the selected sequences, and lines them up so that the identities, similarities and differences can be seen. Evolutionary relationships can be seen via viewing Cladograms or Phylograms.
Tutorials (animations): Play online or download titles from a list of animations covering DNA science concepts.
Twenty Amino Acids: The following list gives these notations along with hypertext references to download amino acid gif images and also interactive molecules.
UGENE - Unipro: UGENE is a free cross-platform genome analysis suite. Multiple sequence alignment using MUSCLE 3,4 and KAlign; HMM profiles build and search, based on the source of HMMER 2 and HMMER 3; PCR Primers design using Primer 3; Protein secondary structure prediction using GOR IV and PSIPRED; Phylogenetic analysis with Phylip; Search for restriction enzymes and integration with REBASE; Extremely fast repeat finder; DNA reference assembly using Bowtie; Search for transcription factor binding sites using SITECON; Protein back translation; ORF finder; Complete Smith-Waterman algorithm implementation; Comparing genomes using dotplot view.
UniProt: The mission of UniProt is to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive, high-quality and freely accessible resource of protein sequence and functional information.
UniProtKB: The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) is the central hub for the collection of functional information on proteins, with accurate, consistent and rich annotation. In addition to capturing the core data mandatory for each UniProtKB entry (mainly, the amino acid sequence, protein name or description, taxonomic data and citation information), as much annotation information as possible is added. This includes widely accepted biological ontologies, classifications and cross-references, and clear indications of the quality of annotation in the form of evidence attribution of experimental and computational data.
UniServity.net: Uniservity.net is a growing resource of links to academic, local and fun web sites. The LARGEST community of UK students anywhere online. You can have discussions with other students all over the UK.
United States Environmental Protection Agency: This site provides information about the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, whose aim is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment, air, water, and land upon which life depends.
Universal Currency Converter: The Universal Currency Converter allows you to perform interactive foreign exchange rate conversion on the Internet
UNIXhelp for Users: Helpful information for users of the UNIX operating system, developed at the University of Edinburgh from work funded by the ITTI.
Usable Web: Usable Web is a collection of links about information architecture, human factors, user interface issues, and usable design specific to the World Wide Web
useit.com: Usable Information Technology (Jakob Nielsen's site)
Vector Data from Invitrogen: Information on Invitrogen Vector Data Files: The search will display a table containing links to Vector Maps, DNA Sequences (ASCII/Text format), Restriction analyses (ASCII/Text format) and multiple cloning site detail sheets (pdf).
VectorDB: VectorDB contains annotations and sequence information for many vectors commonly used in molecular biology. Information for more than 2600 vectors is available with search facilities. Vectors which are also in GenBank have direct links to that database via NCBI\'s Entrez browser!
VectorNTI 11 quick start guide: Upcoming version 11 guide
VectorNTI Yahoo group: A user group for the Molecular Biology suite Vector NTI Advance, by Informax. This group is not affiliated with Informax, Inc. or Invitrogen. We are an independent users group. Please join and contribute or just see what you can learn by watching the action!
Viral Genetics: Viruses have a simple structure consisting usually of nucleic acid packed into a protein head. They lack the metabolic machinery for isolated mutiplication and must invade a host cell in order to reproduce. This parasitic lifestyle gives rise to some interesting reproductive cycles which we will explore in this chapter.
Virtual Hospital (the): The Virtual Hospital is a digital health sciences library created in 1992 at the University of Iowa to help meet the information needs of health care providers and patients. The goal of the Virtual Hospital digital library is to make the Internet a useful medical reference and health promotion tool for health care providers and patients. The Virtual Hospital digital library contains hundreds of books and brochures for health care providers and patients. .
Virus databases on-line: The directory of ICTVdB is Index Virum, a list of approved virus names linked to virus descriptions coded from information in Virus Taxonomy: The Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Murphy et al. (eds) Springer (1995), and includes updates subsequently approved by ICTV. It also incorporates the plant virus database VIDEdB and is illustrated with EM pictures, diagrams and images of symptoms contributed by virologists around the world.
Visual Guide to Vector Database: Animation explaining the main functions of the VNTI explorer. It shows the integration of the software and gives an ideas of its features.
Visual Science Home page: The Visual Sciences Group is a member of the Research School of Biological Sciences and conducts research into basic mechanisms of visual perception. It is also part of the university-wide Centre for Visual Sciences.
VSN International: VSN International Ltd is a new force in statistics software and services. Our mission is to research, develop and market statistical products and services of the highest quality internationally, through our own operations and in collaboration with carefully selected strategic partners.
Waterborg\'s Chromatin HomePage: Has a presentation with images on chromatin, some hands outs and papers
Web elements: WebElements aims to be a high quality source of information on the WWW relating to the periodic table. Coverage is such that professional scientists and students at school will all find something useful. You will find thousands of graphics showing elements structures and periodic properties here. Currently, most information is about the elements themselves but the scope of WebElements will include simple compounds as well in the future.
Web Graphics Online Course: This course focuses on web design and production as well as the web design field as a whole. This includes a basic understanding of the World Wide Web, the HTML language, graphic manipulation/usage, interacting with a web server, maintaining sites, and the site design process.
Web-agri: This is the first real agricultural search engine (not a directory site). You can search your information on 500.000 ag web pages (and it will grow regulary).
Webcell: -WebCell is an integrated simulation environment for managing quantitative and qualitative information on cellular networks, and for interactively exploring their steady-state and dynamic behaviors over the web..
WebCutter: Webcutter is an on-line tool for restriction mapping nucleotide sequences. Now the new version Cutter"
Weed Research Home Page: Weed Research (print ISSN 0043-1737, online ISSN 1365-3180) is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes topical and innovative papers on weed science, in the English language. It is the official journal of the European Weed Research Society.
Welcome to the WhaleNet at Wheelock College, Boston: This site focuses on whales and marine research, WhaleNet is dedicated to your education. Provides an exciting way to learn about the environment.
What is Phylogeny (from the Tree of Life): The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree... As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications. Charles Darwin, 1859
WHATIF: WHAT IF is a versatile protein structure analysis program that can be used for mutant prediction, structure verification, molecular graphics, etc.
Wheat Disease Manager Encyclopaedia: In order to further enhance your knowledge of wheat disease management and related issues we have incorporated two comprehensive encyclopaedias within the programme. Listed below is a brief description of each, some links are provided to give an idea of their scope and functionality.
World Learning Institute: Variety of downloadable (to buy) courses, and online resources, including course specific frequently asked questions, additional course notes, discussion groups.
WWW consortium: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential as a forum for information, commerce, communication, and collective understanding. On this page, you'll find W3C news as well as links to information about W3C technologies and getting involved in W3C. We encourage you to learn more about W3C.
WWW Virtual Library: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding: The Virtual Library is a distributed-responsibility WWW cataloguing project where each topic, or division, is maintained by volunteers -- experts in the field they are maintaining.
WWWebster Dictionary: Excellent search dictionary. Very easy to use.
Yahoo!Group - Pov-Ray: An English discussion of the POV raytracer and images produced with it. All members of this list are encouraged to submit their own artwork to this group, provided the artwork is produced with POV Ray or another raytracer.
YONSEI: Welcome to YONSEI and Welcome to the Best Yonsei University\\\\\\\'s purpose is to provide higher education commensurate with the Christian doctrine and national educational ideals in order to train leaders with Christian spirits in the principles of Truth and Freedom.
YouTube: southern Blot: How to do the southern blotting experiment in the lab condition with basic principles are explained in this video
YouTube: Transcription and Translation: This is another clip from the PBS production DNA: The Secret of Life. A Windfall Films Production for Thirteen/WNET New York in association with Channel Four

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-Running DeCypher from Geneious
There is a plugin to connect Geneious and DeCypher together. This page explains how to set it up, an...
-DeCypher on G1
This is the first instance of DeCypher on a G1 card. The oldest. ...
-Decypher on J1
The latest instance (testing). ...
-Decypher on H1
Intermediate DeCypher instance: requires username and login....
-Laboratory Information Management Systems for DNA Barcoding
Here, we demonstrate an example workflow of a specimens entry into the LIMS database to the publis...

The Molecular Biology Notebook OnlineA Beginners' Guide to Molecular Biology

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The Molecular Biology Notebook Online
A Beginners' Guide to Molecular Biology