The Molecular Biology Notebook Online
A Beginners' Guide to Molecular Biology

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Gene

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The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. A gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides located in a particular position on a chromosome that encodes a specific functional product

View Dr Chromo's lecture on 'Genes'.

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Related Links

This is a search for gene in our database

• A Gene Map of the Human Genome: The Human Genome Project is expected to produce a sequence of DNA representing the functional blueprint and evolutionary history of the human species. However, only about 3% of this sequence is thought to specify the portions of our 50,000 to 100,000 genes that encode proteins. '
• A Hypermedia Glossary of Genetic Terms: Glossary of genetic terms with pictures and links, results show also the context sensitive meaning of the related terms.
• A New Gene Map of the Human Genome: This new gene map represents such an index as it includes the locations, within this text, of more than 30,000 genes and provides an early glimpse of some of the most important pieces of the genome. Even more importantly, the map can be immediately applied by scientists to the identification and isolation of genes that either directly cause human ailments or increase our susceptibility to disease.
• A primer to phylogenetic analysis using Phylip package: The purpose of this tutorial is to demonstrate how to use Phylip, a collection of phylogenetic analysis software, and some of the options that are available. This tutorial is not intented to be a course in phylogenetics, although some phylogenetic concepts will be discussed briefly.
• AgBioTechNet: AgBiotechNet, the online service for agricultural biotechnology, delivers an exciting range of content on plant and animal biotechnology. It provides easy access to information on cloning, genomics, genetic engineering, in vitro culture, biosafety, intellectual property rights and all key issues in agricultural biotechnology through news, reviews, abstracts reports, links, book chapters and much more.
• AIGO: Analysis and Intercomparison of Gene Ontology functional annotations : AIGO is a Python library for the Analysis and Inter-comparison of Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotations (FA).
• Align against Greengenes (16S): Use this tool for aligning your set of 16S rRNA gene sequences using NAST or for finding near-neighbors or both. Each query sequence in your uploaded file will be searched for 16S rRNA gene sequences and aligned according to a Core Set of alignment templates. You can even upload a whole fasta genome and NAST will find, extract, and align the 16S rRNA genes for you. Additionally, Simrank (an N-mer comparison tool) will be used to find nearest-neighbors (non-chimeric) as well as nearest-isolates for each of your sequences from the entire Greengenes database...
• All Species Inventory: If we discovered life on another planet, the first thing we would do is conduct a systematic inventory of that planet's life. This is something we have never done on our home planet. The aim of the All Species Inventory is simple: within the span of our own generation, record and genetically sample every living species of life on Earth.
• An Alphabetic List of Genetic Analysis Software: This list mainly contains computer software on genetic linkage analysis, marker mapping, and pedigree drawing.
• Anatomy of a Comparative Gene Expression Study: DNA microarrays are perfectly suited for comparing gene expression in different populations of cells. The hows and whys of such an experiment provide insight into the power of microarrays, their limitations, and the kinds of biological questions which they can help to answer...
• Applied BioSystems - GeneScan (R) Analysis Software: GeneScan® Analysis software is the foundation of the ABI PRISM® genotyping software suite. Designed for any fragment analysis application, GeneScan software analyzes the raw data collected from ABI PRISM® instruments and automatically identifies, quantitates, and sizes each DNA fragment.
• Arlequin 3.0: The goal of Arlequin is to provide the average user in population genetics with quite a large set of basic methods and statistical tests, in order to extract information on genetic and demographic features of a collection of population samples. The graphical interface is designed to allow users to rapidly select the different analyses they want to perform on their data. We felt important to be able to explore the data, to analyze several times the same data set from different perspectives, with different selected options. The statistical tests implemented in Arlequin have been chosen such as to minimize hidden assumptions and to be as powerful as possible. Thus, they often take the form of either permutation tests or exact tests, with some exceptions. Finally, we wanted Arlequin to be able to handle genetic data under many different forms, and to try to carry out the same types of analyses irrespective of the format of the data.
• ArrayExpress Database: the European Bioinformatics Institute is committed to establishing a public repository for microarray based gene expression data, named ArrayExpress. Currently the EBI is establishing a pilot database containing microarray gene expression data that are available publicly.
• ASG: Alternative Splicing Gallery: Alternative Splicing Gallery (ASG) is a web-based splicing graph database that integrates transcript information from Ensembl, RefSeq, STACK, TIGR gene index, and UniGene, in order to explore and visualize gene structure and alternative splicing and to provide an exhaustive transcript catalog. The program was developed by Jeremy Leipzig and Dr. Steffen Heber.
• Axon Developers page - GenePix Array List Files: GenePix Array List files describe the size and position of blocks, the layout of feature-indicators in them, and the names and identifiers of the printed substances associated with each feature-indicator.
• Beadle, George Wells: ...they began the study of the development of eye pigment in Drosophila which later led to the work on the biochemistry of the genetics of the fungus Neurospora for which Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum were together awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
• Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project: This new database represents one of the initial steps towards the ultimate construction of an integrated Genome Projects- FlyBase database. Our current database contains data from the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, the European Drosophila Genome Project, and genes and aberrations that FlyBase has curated from the literature. In combination with the links to the existing FlyBase database it represents a comprehensive collection that covers data from laboratory to literature.
• Biology Place (The): These educators share your interest in the Web as a unique environment for investigative learning and as a resource of information with unprecedented value to education. Peregrine is a new, independent publishing company devoted to developing the next generation of teaching and learning materials for the secondary and college markets.
• Biology Project: Cell cycle and Mitosis tutorial: This exercise is designed to introduce you to the events that occur in the cell cycle and the process of mitosis that divides the duplicated genetic material creating two identical daughter cells
• BioMolecular Engineering Research Center: The BMERC is using and creating tools and methods for the study of computational biology. The center is working on secondary protein structure prediction, providing reliable profiles, and developing new ways to study molecular biology through Bioinformatics. Our work has led to the formulation and testing of major hypotheses in the areas of molecular evolution, gene regulation, developmental genetics, and protein structure-function relationships.
• Bioresearch online: Source for professionals in the bioresearch and life sciences industry- Information on drug discovery, laboratory systems and equipment, molecular and cell biology, genetic sequencing and more
• BioTech\\\'s life science dictionary: This free resource was developed by our staff members and contributors and is still very much under construction. Currently, most of our 8300+ terms deal with biochemistry, biotechnology, botany, cell biology and genetics.
• BVtech Download and description: BVTech Plasmid is DNA plasmid drawing software.Ii is free software.You can use it to draw circle or linear plasmid map with double strands or single strand. You can label the plasmid with genes and restriction sites in different colors, text, and styles.
• CELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Meiosis | Ploidy | Life Cycles | Phases of Meiosis | Prophase I | Metaphase I Anaphase I | Telophase I | Prophase II | Metaphase II | Anaphase II | Telophase II Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis | Gametogenesis | Links
• Central dogma of molecular biology: The dogma is a framework for understanding the transfer of sequenceSequence In mathematics, a sequence is an ordered list of objects . Like a Set , it contains Element , and the number of terms is called the length of the sequence.... informationInformation Information as a Conveyed concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control system, data, form, instruction, knowledge, Meaning , stimulation, pattern, perception, and knowledge representation.... between sequential information-carrying biopolymerBiopolymer Biopolymers are a class of polymers produced by living organisms.Starch, proteins and peptides,and DNA and RNA are all examples of biopolymers, in which the monomeric units, respectively, are sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides.... s, in the most common or general case, in living organismOrganism In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole.... s.
• Centre for Ecology and Hydrology: The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) is the UK’s Centre of Excellence for research in the terrestrial and freshwater environmental sciences. Our parent organisation is the UK Natural Environment Research Council. CEH’s staff have specialist skills in a wide range of environmental disciplines, ranging in scale from the gene to whole Earth systems. Our research is aimed at improving our understanding of both the environment and the processes that underlie the Earth’s support systems. We are particularly interested in the impacts of human activity on natural environments.
• CEPH-Genethon genetic map data: Genetic map data for chromosomes.
• ChromDB: The Plant Chromatin Database: The mission of ChromDB is to bring together information on homologs of chromatin-associated proteins encoded by plant genomes, organize this information logically and in a comparative manner across species (with reference to other eukaryotes to the extent possible), and make it readily accessible to any members of the research and teaching communities who might be interested in the role played by chromatin proteins in the control of gene expression and genome organization. Our first priority is to provide (a) complete sets of genes encoding chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs) for those plant species with complete or near-complete genome sequences (currently Arabidopsis and rice, with poplar to be displayed in the future), (b) the best available splicing models and predicted protein sequences for these genes, and (c) a molecular phylogenetic context for understanding the evolutionary diversification of these protein families during plant evolution with reference to animal and fungal homologs. Our next priorities will be to identify and present CAP genes in all available EST and partial genomic sequences of other plant species, as well as to provide information regarding their biochemical, developmental, physiological, and cellular functions through a community annotation mechanism.
• Chromosome at the National Human Genome Research Institute: One of the threadlike packages of genes and other DNA in the nucleus of a cell.
• Chromosome Mapping: Mapping is the construction of a series of chromosome descriptions that depict the position and spacing of unique, identifiable biochemical landmarks, including some genes, that occur on the DNA of chromosomes.
• Clustal W: Clustal W is a general purpose multiple sequence alignment program for DNA or proteins.It produces biologically meaningful multiple sequence alignments of divergent sequences. It calculates the best match for the selected sequences, and lines them up so that the identities, similarities and differences can be seen. Evolutionary relationships can be seen via viewing Cladograms or Phylograms.
• COMPONENT 2: COMPONENT is a computer program for analysing evolutionary trees and is intended for use in studies of phylogeny, tree shape distribution, gene trees/species trees, host-parasite cospeciation, and biogeography.
• Computational Genomic Group (CGG): Computational approaches for analysis of nucleotide and protein sequences and structures as well as understanding structural and functional organization of genetic signals encoded in genome sequences.
• ContraFold: CONTRAfold is a novel secondary structure prediction method based on conditional log-linear models (CLLMs), a flexible class of probabilistic models which generalize upon SCFGs by using discriminative training and feature-rich scoring. By incorporating most of the features found in typical thermodynamic models, CONTRAfold achieves the highest single sequence prediction accuracies to date, outperforming currently available probabilistic and physics-based techniques. Our result thus closes the gap between probabilistic and thermodynamic models, demonstrating that statistical learning procedures provide an effective alternative to empirical measurement of thermodynamic parameters for RNA secondary structure prediction.
• Cystic Fibrosis Gene location on chromosome 7: The OMIM map presents the cytogenetic map location of disease genes and other expressed genes described in OMIM.
• Cystic Fibrosis Mutation Database: The information contained in this database is compiled with information collected by the Cystic Fibrosis Genetic Analysis Consortium.
• Cytoscape: Cytoscape is an open source bioinformatics software platform for visualizing molecular interaction networks and integrating these interactions with gene expression profiles and other state data. Cytoscape is available as a platform-independent open-source Java application, released under the terms of the LGPL.
• Data Analysis Software from the BRC: The following software for genetic data analysis were developed and made available by researchers at or affiliated with the Bioinformatics Research Center:
  • Alternative Splicing Gallery (ASG)
  • GDA
  • QTL Cartographer
  • Windows QTL Cartographer
  • Forensic DNA Mixtures
  • Hy-Phy
  • PowerMarker
  • Mixed Models and QTLs
  • Exact Tests
  • Cytonuclear Disequilibria
• Delbrück, Max: Discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses..
• DNA2.0 Bioinformatics toolbox: This collection of javascript bioinformatics software is a convenient, user friendly and free resource for anyone interested in generating, formatting and analyzing DNA and protein sequences. The goal here is to support your gene design efforts as much as possible so that you can focus on doing research instead of spending time on decoding cryptic software manuals.
• DNASTAR: Lasergene: LASERGENE is a well-established, internationally renowned, bioinformatics computing suite for Windows or Macintosh, designed, developed and supported by DNASTAR Incc
• Edinburg Pathway Editor: EPE is a visual editor designed for annotation, visualisation and presentation of wide variety of biological networks, including metabolic, genetic and signal transduction pathways. It based on a metadata driven architecture, which makes it very flexible in drawing, storing, presenting and exporting information related to the network of interest. It allows visual representation to field standards (SBGN), storage and retrieval of annotation such as kinetic and other numerical data in relational databases (local and remote for enterprise development) and links graphical objects to external databases and web resources to show all available information on demand.
• ENS transcriptome platform web site: The Genomic Service from the Biology Department (SGDB) is located within the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. The SGDB transcriptome platform is intended to produce DNA microarrays and to offer for scientific community use facilities to make the most of these DNA micorarrays (genes list, protocols, scanner, image analyses workstation, practical training, etc...).
• Euchromatin Network: Euchromatin is that portion of the genome that is most active in gene transcription within the animal cell nucleus. It is in marked contrast to heterochromatin, which is the least active. And yet, either form of chromatin can be converted to the other, conversion to euchromatin being associated with new gene activation for RNA synthesis, and conversion to heterochromatin being associated with new gene repression for RNA synthesis. // Together with the Euchromatin Network, we are developing forums on all aspects of euchromatin, its composition, activity, control, and significance. We welcome your comments and suggestions in the design of these forums, and your participation in their on-going discussions.
• EXAMINE: Aphids are the insect group most sensitive to climate change because of their very short generation times and rapid potential growth rates. A network of traps has been established in 19 countries to monitor these insects. The combined system provides the most comprehensive data for any terrestrial invertebrate group anywhere in the world and is potentially a unique resource for studies on the impacts of global change.
• Examine (Download annual reports here ): EXploitation of Aphid Monitoring systems IN Europe: Aphids are the insect group most sensitive to climate change because of their very short generation times and rapid potential growth rates. A network of traps has been established in 19 countries to monitor these insects. The combined system provides the most comprehensive data for any terrestrial invertebrate group anywhere in the world and is potentially a unique resource for studies on the impacts of global change.
• Expressed Sequence Tags (dEST): dbEST (Nature Genetics 4:332-3;1993) is a division of GenBank that contains sequence data and other information on "single-pass" cDNA sequences, or Expressed Sequence Tags, from a number of organisms. A brief account of the history and current status of human ESTs in GenBank is available (Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:295-6;1995). Also, consult the special "Genome Directory" issue of Nature (vol. 377, issue 6547S, 28 September 1995).
• Expression Profiler: Expression Profiler is a set of tools for the clustering, analysis and visualization of gene expression and sequence data.
• fastDNAml construction of phylogenetic trees of DNA Sequences: References:
  Olsen, G. J., Matsuda, H., Hagstrom, R., and Overbeek, R. 1994. fastDNAml: A tool for construction of phylogenetic trees of DNA sequences using maximum likelihood. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10: 41-48.
  Felsenstein, J. 1981. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach. J. Mol. Evol. 17: 368-376.
  
• FastPCR Online Manual: FastPCR is free PCR primer and probe design software. It is efficient for standard, long, real-time PCRs, for inverse PCR, direct amino acid sequence degenerate PCR, multiplex PCR, LUX primers design for quantitative PCR, automatically SSR loci detection and direct PCR primers design, and in silico PCR. It can also perform sequence alignments, clustering and any kind repeat sequence searching.
• FigTree: FigTree is designed as a graphical viewer of phylogenetic trees and as a program for producing publication-ready figures. As with most of my programs, it was written for my own needs so may not be as polished and feature-complete as a commercial program. In particular it is designed to display summarized and annotated trees produced by BEAST.
• Five things to know abour Geneious at Rothamsted:
  • Description of Geneious Main interface,
  • Data Location and backup
  • Configuration of the list view
  • Login into Geneious server and registration form,
  • Importing data into Geneious server
• Flybase: FlyBase is a database of genetic and molecular data for Drosophila. It is available through FlyBase servers, as partial mirrors on other servers, as flat files, and as printed text (in special issues of Drosophila Information Service). The full database includes data files, documents, indices, forms, and images and is maintained on a multi-protocol server that supports a variety of tools and formats.
• FreeTree:  Construction and bootstrap analysis of DNA fingerprinting-based phylogenetic trees with the freeware program FreeTree: application to trichomonad parasites, by V. Hampl, A. Pavlicek and J. Flegr
• Genamics JournalSeek: Genamics JournalSeek is a database of molecular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and general biology journals which are available (in whole or in part) through the internet. All information is fully searchable by various criteria. The database presently contains more than 360 different titles, and is growing rapidly.
• GenBank: GenBank is the NIH genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences ( Nucleic Acids Research 1998 Jan 1;26(1):1-7). There are approximately 1,622,000,000 bases in 2,356,000 sequence records as of June 1998. As an example, you may view the record for the neurofibromatosis gene.
• Gene Designer 2.0 : FREE bioinformatics software application. The dynamic drag-and-drop sequence functionality to create genes with Gene Designer has been awarded US Patent #7,805,252. This unique interface technology created by DNA2.0 scientists enables users to quickly represent nucleic acid sequences and to move them around with ease.
• Gene Regulation - BioBase: Site with a lot of database for gene expression and gene regulation
• GeneCards: GeneCards is a database of human genes, their products and their involvement in diseases. It offers concise information about the functions of all human genes that have an approved symbol, as well as selected others [gene listing]. It is especially useful for those who are searching for information about large sets of genes or proteins, e.g. for scientists working in functional genomics and proteomics.
• GeneCards: human genes, proteins and diseases: GeneCards is a database of human genes, their products and their involvement in diseases. It offers concise information about the functions of all human genes that have an approved symbol, as well as selected others [gene listing]. It is particulary useful for people who wish to find information about genes of interest in the context of functional genomics and proteomics.
• Geneious website: Geneious combines all the leading DNA and protein sequence analysis tools into one revolutionary software solution! Its ease of use makes bioinformatics accessible to any biologist. It runs on all major operating systems and is very affordable.
• GeneSpring: cutting-edge tools for expression analysis: GeneSpring is widely regarded as the gold standard for expression data analysis. When you use GeneSpring, you join thousands of elite scientists worldwide who depend on its sophisticated analysis techniques to advance their research. Designed to meet the needs of the individual researcher, GeneSpring seamlessly interfaces with Silicon Genetics’ Signet software, which provides a highly scalable platform for enterprise- level genomic research
• Genespringusers : Join our email users group to engage in discussion with other GeneSpring® users. Share tips, exchange ideas and consider suggestions for new GeneSpring features.
• Genetic Education Center: For educators interested in human genetics and the human genome project.
• Genetic Programming Notebook: Genetic programming is a branch of genetic algorithms. The main difference between genetic programming and genetic algorithms is the representation of the solution. Genetic programming creates computer programs in the lisp or scheme computer languages as the solution. Genetic algorithms create a string of numbers that represent the solution.
• Genome Database: Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, USA in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort to analyze the structure of human DNA and determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated worldwide by those researchers engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP).
• Google: Google uses sophisticated next-generation technology to produce the right results fast with every query. Google returns relevant results because it responds to your query using an automated method that ranks relevant websites based on the link structure of the Internet itself.
• Hershey, Alferd Day: Nobel prize in 1969 for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses
• HGMP-RC FUGU Project: The UK MRC HGMP-RC FUGU Project is a comparative mapping project funded by the MRC to allow Sydney Brenner and Greg Elgar, through the HGMP, to generate a Landmark map of the puffer fish, Fugu rubripes (Fugu) genome.
• Homology Modeling for Beginners: Homology models are useful to get a rough idea where the alpha carbons of key residues sit the folded protein. They can guide mutagenesis experiments, or hypotheses about structure-function relationships.
• Human Genome Project: The Human Genome Project (HGP) was one of the great feats of exploration in history - an inward voyage of discovery rather than an outward exploration of the planet or the cosmos; an international research effort to sequence and map all of the genes - together known as the genome - of members of our species, Homo sapiens. Completed in April 2003, the HGP gave us the ability to, for the first time, to read nature\'s complete genetic blueprint for building a human being.
• IMB Jena Image Library of Biological Macromolecules: The IMB Jena Image Library of Biological Macromolecules contains visual and other information on three-dimensional biopolymer structures. It provides access to all structure entries deposited at the Protein Data Bank (PDB) or at the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB). In addition, general information on the architecture of biopolymer structures is available.
• IMGT - International ImMunoGeneTics Database: IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database, is a high-quality integrated database specialising in Immunoglobulins (Ig), T-cell receptors (TcR) and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules of all vertebrate species. IMGT includes two databases : LIGM-DB, a comprehensive database of Ig and TcR from human and other vertebrates and MHC/HLA-DB (in development). A tool, IMGT/DNAPLOT, will allow Ig, TcR and MHC sequence analysis.
• IMGT, international ImMunoGeneTics database: IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database, is a high-quality integrated database specialising in Immunoglobulins (Ig), T cell receptors (TcR) and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules of all vertebrate species, created in 1989 by Marie-Paule Lefranc (Université Montpellier II, CNRS). IMGT, a European project since 1992, works in close collaboration with EBI.
• Integrative Genomic Viewer: The Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) is a high-performance visualization tool for interactive exploration of large, integrated genomic datasets. It supports a wide variety of data types, including array-based and next-generation sequence data, and genomic annotations.
• Jacob, Francois: The work of François Jacob has dealt mainly with the genetic mechanisms existing in bacteria and bacteriophages, and with the biochemical effects of mutations.
• JalView - Java Alignment Editor: Jalview is a multiple alignment editor written in Java. It is used widely in a variety of web pages (e.g. the EBI Clustalw server and the Pfam protein domain database) but is available as a general purpose alignment editor.
• Laboratory Information Management Systems for DNA Barcoding: Here, we demonstrate an example workflow of a specimen’s entry into the LIMS database to the publishing of the specimen’s genetic data to a public database using Geneious bioinformatics software. Throughout the process, the connections between steps in the workflow are maintained to facilitate post-processing annotation, structured reporting, and fully transparent edits to reduce subjectivity and increase repeatability.
• LAMARC - Likelihood Analysis with Metropolis Algorithm using Random Coalescence: LAMARC is a package of programs for computing population parameters, such as population size, population growth rate and migration rates by using likelihoods for samples of data (sequences, microsatellites, and electrophoretic polymorphisms) from populations. It approximates the summation of likelihood over all possible gene genealogies that could explain the observed sample.
• Large-Scale Gene Expression and Microarray Links and Resources: This site is a collection of web resources and pointers to information on large-scale gene expression studies, and especially microarray technologies. The links included are biased towards the development and applications of informatics and bioinformatics for these technologies.
• MAC5: MAC5 is a program which implements MCMC sampling to estimate a phylogenetic tree from a DNA multiple alignment. What differentiates MAC5 from similar programs (e.g. BAMBE, MrBayes) is its use of five-state sequence evolution models as a means to include the gap information when estimating an alignment. Despite vilification of these models in the literature in the past (e.g., Durbin et al., 1998, p. 217), we have found that, in many circumstances, they are useful for improving the precision of topology estimation.
• Marine Ecology Research Group: You will find here some information on
  
• Ecological Genetics of Parasitic Sea Lice
• Inducible Morphology in Marine Bryozoans
• Larval Dispersal
• Biofilms and Larval Settlement
• MatrixPlot: visualizing sequence constraints: MatrixPlot can be used to generate mutual information plots of sequence alignments, distance matrices of sequence with known 3D coordinates, and plots of user provided matrix files.
• Mega: the goal of the MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) software project has been to make useful methods of comparative sequence analysis easily accessible to the scientific community for research and education.
• Melanie: The 2D Gel Analysis Software for the third Millenium: Melanie offers sophisticated state-of-the-art analysis for the identification, quantification and matching of gels. Combined with comprehensive annotation possibilities, advanced statistical and classification capabilities, as well as a versatile query engine and reporting functions, Melanie 3 marks the arrival of a new generation of 2D gel analysis software.
• Mendel Web: MendelWeb is an educational resource for teachers and students interested in the origins of classical genetics, introductory data analysis, elementary plant science, and the history and literature of science.
• Metabolic Simulation software: The software packages available at this site can be used to simulate cellular processes such as metabolic pathways, gene regulatory circuits and signal transduction pathways. SCAMP allows the user to carry out Simulations, Steady state analysis, simple Bifurcation analysis and Metabolic Control Analysis. SCAMP is based on a scripting language which is used to describe cellular systems.
• MetaNetX.org: a website and repository for accessing, analysing and manipulating metabolic networks: MetaNetX.org is a website for accessing, analysing and manipulating genome-scale metabolic networks (GSMs) as well as biochemical pathways. It consistently integrates data from various public resources and makes the data accessible in a standardized format using a common namespace. Currently, it provides access to hundreds of GSMs and pathways that can be interactively compared (two or more), analysed (e.g. detection of dead-end metabolites and reactions, flux balance analysis or simulation of reaction and gene knockouts), manipulated and exported. Users can also upload their own metabolic models, choose to automatically map them into the common namespace and subsequently make use of the website’s functionality.
• Metnet:: plant pathways Database: MetNet is in-development, publicly available software for analysis of genome-wide mRNA, protein, and metabolite profiling data. The software is designed to enable the biologist to visualize, statistically analyze, and model a metabolic and regulatory network map of Arabidopsis, combined with gene expression profiling data. MetNet will provide a framework for the formulation of testable hypotheses regarding the function of specific genes, and in the long term will provide the basis for identification of metabolic and regulatory networks that control plant composition and development.
• Microarray Gene Expression Database Group: The MGED group is an open discussion group initially established at the Microarray Gene Expression Database meeting MGED 1 (November, 1999, Cambridge, UK). The goal of the group is to facilitate the adoption of standards for DNA-array experiment annotation and data representation, as well as the introduction of standard experimental controls and data normalisation methods.
• MicroArray related activities at the EBI: These pages are a jumping point to activities at the European Bioinformatics Institute that focus on microarrays, the gene expression data that results from them, the issues revolving around the immense influx of this data, and of course the analysis that one would like to perform on it.
• Microarrays Yahoo Group: To share info regarding Micro & Macro arrays. (including the messages from GENE-ARRAYS@ITSSRV1.UCSF.EDU list) - Moderated
• Molecular Biology Gateway: The ultimate gateway to Web resources for molecular biology, genetics, microbiology, and biochemistry
• Molecular Genetics: The objectives of the course were, and continue to be: to train students to interpret experimental observations in molecular genetics; to have students understand the experimental bases for molecular genetic principles; and to train students to apply experimental methods of molecular genetics to problems in that science. These objective have been shaped by my philosophy of teaching science. I believe it more important that students learn why we believe the things we believe about molecular genetics than to memorize current hypotheses of the the science.
• Molecular Genetics: Chromosomes: The three conceptual types of chromosomes, their interrelation and inheritance.
  
  The objectives of the course were, and continue to be: -to train students to interpret experimental observations in molecular genetics;
  -to have students understand the experimental bases for molecular genetic principles; and
  to train students to apply experimental methods of molecular genetics to problems in that science.
• Monod, Jacques Lucien: To George Teissier he owes a preference for quantitative descriptions; André Lwoff initiated him into the potentials of microbiology; to Boris Ephrussi he owes the discovery of physiological genetics, and to Louis Rapkine the concept that only chemical and molecular descriptions could provide a complete interpretation of the function of living organisms.
• MrEnt: MrEnt is a program for drawing high-quality, printable phylogenetic trees. It is a user-friendly software that recognizes Nexus tree files (like those generated by e.g. PAUP and MrBayes) and displays them in the most commonly used tree formats. Our goal was to produce a software to generate with no troubles all tree drawings for scientific publications directly from analysis outputs, without using any additional graphic editor.
• MultiAlign: a multiple LC-MS analysis tool for targeted omics analysis: MultiAlign is a free software tool that aligns multiple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry datasets to one another by clustering mass and chromatographic elution features across datasets. Applicable to both label-free proteomics and metabolomics comparative analyses, the software can be operated in several modes. For example, clustered features can be matched to a reference database to identify analytes, used to generate abundance profiles, linked to tandem mass spectra based on parent precursor masses, and culled for targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis. MultiAlign is also capable of tandem mass spectral clustering to describe proteome structure and find similarity in subsequent sample runs.
• Natural Resources Institute (The): The Natural Resources Institute of the University of Greenwich is an internationally recognised centre of expertise in research and consultancy in the environment and natural resources sector. The Institute carries out research and development on behalf of international donor agencies. Most of NRI's work provides support to development assistance programmes and contributes to environmentally sound management of physical and biological resources ('natural capital') for use by future generations.
• NCBI Tools tutorials: The Getting Started series is designed to be a quick guide to aid the general public and the scientific community in selecting and using NCBI\'s publicly available resources.The information provided by Getting Started will give the novice user a starting point for conducting research using NCBI resources that will work efficiently and that will be easy to use.
• NJPlot: NJplot is a tree drawing program able to draw any phylogenetic tree expressed in the Newick phylogenetic tree format (e.g., the format used by the PHYLIP package). NJplot is especially convenient for rooting the unrooted trees obtained from parsimony, distance or maximum likelihood tree-building methods.
• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958: Beadle, Tatum, Lederberg: Their studies are concerned with the very basis of heredity and the manner in which the genes function.
• North Carolina Entomological Society: Founded in 1956, the North Carolina Entomological Society was established to promote entomological accomplishment and to cultivate a closer relationship among its members through encouragement of: -Preparation, presentation, and publication of papers;
  -Association and free discussions among professional and amateur entomologists;
  -Dissemination of entomological information to the general public. Membership is open to all individuals interested in Entomology, whether professional or amateur. Active members are those who have paid their annual dues.
• OMIM: Inheritance in Man - A catalog of human genes and genetic disorders.: Welcome to OMIM(TM), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. This database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere, and developed for the World Wide Web by NCBI, the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• OmniMapFree: OmniMapFree is a computer program for displaying and analysing the genome of any organism. You can use it to generate genome maps of your own favourite organism and to link chromosome, genetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, molecular mutant and many other types of important information directly to the genomic sequence. It is very easy to use - it does not require any knowledge of databases or computer programming. All of the data is held in plain text files which can be created and modified using a simple text editor e.g. Notepad or Wordpad.
• On Gaps: Gonzalo Giribet andWard C. Wheeler, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 13, No. 1, October, pp. 132–143, 1999
• One Gene - One Enzyme Theory: This led them to postulate the one gene - one enzyme theory: each gene in an organism controls the production of a specific enzyme. It is these enzymes that catalyze the reactions that lead to the phenotype of the organism. Today, we know that, in fact, not only enzymes, but all the other proteins from which the organism is built are encoded by genes.
• ORf finder: This tool identifies all open reading frames using the standard or alternative genetic codes. The deduced amino acid sequence can be saved in various formats and searched against the sequence database using the WWW BLAST server.
• PALI Phylogeny and ALIgnment of homologous protein structures: This database provides structure based sequence alignments for homologous proteins of known 3-D structure. The alignments available include those of pairwise (two proteins at a time) and multiple (simultaneous superposition of all the structures in a family). The database also provides dendrograms depicting phylogenetic relationships based on sequence and structural similarities.
• Paper on FreeTree - tree computation program: It was originally intended for the analysis of results of DNA fingerprinting methods (RFLP, RAPD, AP-PCR) or other methods which provide binary character data (presence/absence of the characters). For such data the program computes the distance matrix, constructs the phylogenetic or phenetic tree and computes bootstrapping or jackknifing values for internal branches of the tree.
• Phi-base: Pathogene Host interaction: This database contains expertly curated molecular and biological information on genes proven to affect the outcome of pathogen-host interactions
• Philodendron - Phylogenetic tree printer: Phylodendron is an application for drawing phylogenetic trees, used in evolutionary biology. Options allow you to save in various formats, print, edit, modify, and adorn the tree. This version of Phylodendron includes the ability to run as a Web service.
• Phoretix: This is a site detailing our gel electrophoresis analysis software. It does contain a regularly updated news section, some interesting general information articles and a number of links to other relevant sites. It is a site for our commercial product but we have tried to concentrate on making it interesting rather than simply trying to sell our products!
• Phylemon: a suite of web-tools for molecular evolution, phylogenetics and phylogenomics
• Phylogenetic Resources: Today\\\'s session is a VERY brief introduction to phylogenetics. For a more complete experience, consider the two week course, Workshop on Molecular Evolution held by the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole.
• PhylOgenetic Web Repeater (POWER): The PhylOgenetic Web Repeater (POWER) allows users performing phylogenetic analysis with molecular data by most programs of PHYLIP package repeatedly. POWER provide two pipelines to process the analysis. One of them includes multiple sequence alignment (MSA) at the begining of the pipeline whereas the other begin phylogenetic analysis with aligned sequence.
• Phylogeny and Reconstructing Phylogenetic Trees: These few pages describe the problem of reconstructing phylogenetic trees with the help of a Java applet. I wrote the applet to discover more about the java language and the API interface. I\'ve been interested in phylogenetic trees for some time and thought they would make a good subject. -- Dave Joyce
• PHYLOGENY ESTIMATION : traditional and Bayesian approaches: The construction of evolutionary trees is now a standard part of exploratory sequence analysis. Bayesian methods for estimating trees have recently been proposed as a faster method of incorporating the power of complex statistical models into the process. Researchers who rely on comparative analyses need to understand the theoretical and practical motivations that underlie these new techniques, and how they differ from previous methods. The ability of the new approaches to address previously intractable questions is making phylogenetic analysis an essential tool in an increasing number of areas of genetic research.
• Phylogeny for the faint of heart: A review from trends in Genetics that explains tree inference..
• Phylogeny.fr: Phylogeny.fr is a free, simple to use web service dedicated to reconstructing and analysing phylogenetic relationships between molecular sequences.
  
  Phylogeny.fr runs and connects various bioinformatics programs to reconstruct a robust phylogenetic tree from a set of sequences.
• Phyml at Phylogeny.fr: Robust Phylogenetic Analysis For The Non-Specialist
• POPGENE: The User-friendly Freeware For Population Genetic Analysis
• Population Biology Simulation: Collected here are a few simple simulations (written in Java) I use (or plan to use) when teaching principles of population genetics and population ecology in various courses. (Kent Holsinger)
• Populations to Molecules: 994 High School Biology Institute Faculty and Participants I. Historical Background Unraveling the Code of Life - A Historical Perspective of the Genetic Revolution History of Genetics Timeline
• Primer on Molecular Genetics: Primer on Molecular Genetics
• Primer3: Primer3 is a widely used program for designing PCR primers (PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction). PCR is an essential and ubiquitous tool in genetics and molecular biology. Primer3 can also design hybridization probes and sequencing primers. PCR is used for many different goals. Consequently, primer3 has many different input parameters that you control and that tell primer3 exactly what characteristics make good primers for your goals.
• Principe des DNA sur Puce: Les puces à ADN permettent de mesurer et de visualiser très rapidement les différences d'expression entre les gènes et ceci à l'échelle d'un génome complet. Si la mise en oeuvre de la technique est assez compliquée, son principe est très simple. En voici les principales étapes
• Principles of Protein Structure Using the Internet: Much of the course material has been written specifically for the PPS course (before or during last year's run) by a large number of different authors around the world, and in general the material is available at the Web-site where it was written.
• Questions and Answers about Gene therapy: Hundreds of major health problems are influenced by gene functions. In the future, gene therapy could be used to treat many of these conditions...
• QuickGene: QuickGene is a molecular biology program for DNA analysis, assembly and cloning - QuickGene Single User License €295.00
• Rasmol: V2.6 Molecular Visualisation Program . RasMol2 is a molecular graphics program intended for the visualisation of proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules. The program is aimed at display, teaching and generation of publication quality images. RasMol runs on Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh, UNIX and VMS systems.
• REST-284: Relative Expression Software Tool: Therefore new software tools were established, named REST © (Relative Expression Software Tool), which compare two or more treatments groups or conditions (in REST-MCS), with up to 100 data points in sample or control group (in REST-XL), for multiple reference genes and up to 15 target genes (in REST-384) . The mathematical model used is based on the correction for exact PCR efficiencies and the mean crossing point deviation between sample group(s) and control group(s). Subsequently the expression ratio results of the investigated transcripts are tested for significance by a Pair Wise Fixed Reallocation Randomisation Test © and plotted using standard error (SE) estimation via a complex Taylor algorithm.
• Ribosomal Database Project: The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) provides ribosome related data services to the scientific community, including online data analysis, rRNA derived phylogenetic trees, and aligned and annotated rRNA sequences
• Rothamsted Research: Over its 160 year history, Rothamsted Research has built an enviable international reputation as a centre of excellence for science in support of sustainable land management and its environmental impact. Its scientific research ranges from studies of genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and soil processes to investigations at the ecosystem and landscape scale.
• Running DeCypher from Geneious: There is a plugin to connect Geneious and DeCypher together. This page explains how to set it up, and use it.
• Saccharomyces genome database: SGD is a scientific database of the molecular biology and genetics of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is commonly known as baker's or budding yeast.
• SAT: Sequence Alignment Teacher: Dynamic programming (DP) is a general optimization strategy that is successfully used across various disciplines of science. In bioinformatics, it is widely applied in calculating the optimal alignment between pairs of protein or DNA sequences. These alignments form the basis of new, verifiable biological hypothesis. Despite its importance, there are no interactive tools available for training and education on understanding the DP algorithm. Here, we introduce an interactive computer application with a graphical interface, for the purpose of educating students about DP. The program displays the DP scoring matrix and the resulting optimal alignment(s), while allowing the user to modify key parameters such as the values in the similarity matrix, the sequence alignment algorithm version and the gap opening/extension penalties.
• SchoolNet - ecology for schools: There are various topics which are investigated in detail, but all have been aimed at the general public and written in easy to understand terms.
• Scottish Crop Research Institute: SCRI aims to increase knowledge in the basic biological sciences; to improve crop quality and utilisation by the application of conventional and molecular genetical techniques and novel agronomic practices; and to develop environmentally benign methods of protecting crops from depredations by pests, pathogens and weeds.
• SGM: Educational Resources on Microbiology: The following pages are compiled from information sheets that are produced by the SGM and MISAC (Microbiology in Schools Advisory Committee).
  SGM= Society for General Microbiology
• Society for General Microbiology: Welcome to the Society for General Microbiology web site. The SGM has been established for over 50 years, promoting and supporting the art, science and significance of microbiology and associated subjects worldwide. Here you will find information about all the Society's activities, and about the importance of microbiology in today's world.
• Software for the Analysis of RAPD Data Sets: I have cobbled this page together in an attempt to inform other researchers of programs that are available from the web to assist in the analysis of genetic data acquired from RAPD-PCR.
• South Carolina Department of Natural Resources: The South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) is the advocate for and steward of the state's natural resources. The Department develops and implements policies and programs for the conservation, management, utilization and protection of the state's natural resources based upon scientifically sound resource management, assessment and monitoring, applied research, technology transfer, comprehensive planning, public education, technical assistance and constituent involvement. The Department of Natural Resources is pro-active in protecting the state's natural resources for use and enjoyment by future generations of South Carolinian's.
• Spanish Omelette: analogy to fundamental dogma: The following is a good way to show the relationships among cell, nucleus, genes, chromosome, ribosome, replication, mitosis, transcription, translation, DNA, RNA, amino acids and proteins, genotype, phenotype, and genetic vs. environmental causes of cell defects.
• Species delimitation – a geneious plugin for the exploration of species boundaries: Species Delimitation is a plugin to the Geneious software to support the exploration of species boundaries in a gene tree. The user assigns taxa to putative species and the plugin computes statistics relating to the probability of the observed monophyly or exclusivity having occurred by chance in a coalescent process. It also assesses the within and between species genetic distances to infer the probability with which members of a putative species might be identified successfully with tree-based methods.
• STRING: Search Tool for Recurring Instances of Neighbouring Genes: STRING is a comparative genome analyis tool that detects whether a given query gene occurs repeatedly with certain other genes in potential operons.
• Swiss PDB Viewer: Swiss-PdbViewer is an application that provides a user friendly interface allowing to analyse several proteins at the same time. The proteins can be superimposed in order to deduce structural alignments and compare their active sites or any other relevant parts. Amino acid mutations, H-bonds, angles and distances between atoms are easy to obtain thanks to the intuitive graphic and menu interface.
  Moreover, Swiss-PdbViewer is tightly linked to Swiss-Model, an automated homology modelling server running at Glaxo Welcome Experimental Research in Geneva.
• System Biology, the 21st century Science: Systems biology is the study of an organism, viewed as an integrated and interacting network of genes, proteins and biochemical reactions which give rise to life. Instead of analyzing individual components or aspects of the organism, such as sugar metabolism or a cell nucleus, systems biologists focus on all the components and the interactions among them, all as part of one system....
• Tablet - Next Generation Sequence Assembly Visualization: Tablet is a lightweight, high-performance graphical viewer for next generation sequence assemblies and alignments.
• Tatum, Edward Laurie: ...when he and Beadle decided to give up their work on Drosophila and to work instead with the fungus Neurospora crassa, it was Tatum who discovered that biotin was necessary for the successful cultivation of this fungus on simple inorganic media and thus provided these two workers with the genetic material that they needed for the work which gained them, together with Joshua Lederberg, the Nobel Prize.
• Technical Tips Online: Technical Tips Online is a new electronic publication forum that builds on the success and popularity of the Technical Tips section in Trends in Genetics. It is available free of charge to all users.
• The DNA Files: The genetic revolution affects us every day: our health, our food, our families. The DNA Files explains how.
• The Gene School: a comprehensive, educational site exploring the fascinating innovations and discoveries of genetic science. Begin your journey through the world of genetics using the search engine or simply by browsing through a topic; either way, you will find that genetic science is an exciting field!
• The Mitochondria Research Society: The purpose of MRS is to find a cure for mitochondrial diseases by promoting research on basic science of mitochondria, mitochondrial pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment through out the world.
• The Tech Genetics: Understanding Genetics, the newest online exhibition from TheTech Museum.
• The Tumor Gene Database: The Tumor Gene Database contains information about genes which are targets for cancer-causing mutations; proto-oncogenes and tumor supressor genes. Its goal is to provide a standard set of facts (e.g. protein size, biochemical activity, chromosomal location, ...) about all known tumor genes. At present, the database contains over 2600 facts on over 300 genes.
• The Wheat EST Database: In the Functional Genomics group at the University of Bristol, we are (in collaboration with Rothamstead Research) investigating gene function in wheat and maize as part of the BBSRC IGF program.
• TIGR - Genome Projects: TIGR\'s Genome Projects are a collection of curated databases containing DNA and protein sequence, gene expression, cellular role, protein family, and taxonomic data for microbes, plants and humans.
• TmPrime: TmPrime is a computer program to design oligonucleotide sets for LCR- and PCR-based gene synthesis to construct man-made DNA sequences by assembling pools of oligonucleotides. The program divides the long input DNA sequence based on the user specified melting temperatures and assembly conditions, and dynamically optimizes the length of oligonucleotides to achieve homologous melting temperatures. The output reports the melting temperatures, oligonucleotide sequences, and potential formation of secondary structures in a PDF file which will be sent to you via email.
• TOPALi: There are a growing number of biological questions that can be answered by analysing multiple sequence alignment data. We have extended the original TOPALi Java application, beyond recombination detection, to launch a range of statistical and evolutionary analyses of multiple sequence alignments as web services. The extended TOPALi v2 provides phylogenetic model selection, Bayesian analysis (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree estimation, detection of sites under positive selection, and recombination breakpoint location analysis.
• TOPD/FMTS : TOPD/FMTS is a new software for comparing phylogenetic trees. It has been developed to calculate the differences between trees. The software implements several previously described methods and new algorithms for comparing phylogenetic trees. It combines the TOPD program (TOPological Distance), which compares two trees with the same taxa or two pruned trees, and the FMTS program (From Multiple To Single), which converts multi-gene family trees to single-gene trees.
• Tree inference at the T-REX server: The most comprehensive web server version includes methods for Visualization and interactive manipulation of phylogenetic trees (using Hierarchical, Radial and Axial types of drawing); Inference of phylogenetic trees using distance (NJ, BioNJ, UNJ, ADDTREE, MW, FITCH, Circular order reconstruction),parsimony (DNAPARS, PROTPARS, PARS, DOLLOP) and maximum likelihood (PHYML, DNAML, DNAMLK, PROML, PROMLK) based approaches; Inference of phylogenetic trees form incomplete distance matrices; Inference of phylogenetic networks (i.e. Reticulograms); Detection of horizontal gene transfers; Multiple sequence alignment (ClustalW), Sequence to distance transformations(using Uncorrected, Jukes-Cantor, Tajima-Nei, Kimura 2-parameter, Tamura, Jin-Nei gamma, Kimura protein, LogDet and F84 distances); Computation of the Robison and Foulds topological distance between two or more trees. The program can also carry out bootstrap and jackknife resampling to assess strength of support of the tree and network branches.
• TreeBase: TreeBASE stores phylogenetic trees and the data matrices used to generate them from published research papers.
• TreeGraph 2: TreeGraph 2 is a graphical editor for phylogenetic trees which allows you to apply lots of graphical formats to the elements of your tree. Moreover, it supports several (visible or invisible) annotations (e.g. support values) for every branch or node. These annotations can be imported from Nexus tree files or text files containing data in a table (e.g. exported from a spreadsheet program).
• Tribolium Home Page: This site contains data and articles about the genetics of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and related species. Work being done in Dr. Beeman's laboratory involves both standard and molecular approaches.
• Tritimed: This project aims to identify crop traits and genetic ideotypes, in wheat, that impart higher and more stable yield under Mediterranean drought conditions. This shall be realised by using an integrated approach combing genomics, quantitative genetics and crop physiology
• Tutorial for Clustal X and TreeView: The Clustal programs are the choice for the novice to make a decent phylogenetic analysis of obtained nucleotide or amino acid sequences. Clustal can align the sequences and produce output files for drawing trees. The tree viewing feature is however not included in the standard Clustal packages.
• Tutorial on ClustalW: Clustal W is a general purpose global multiple sequence alignment program for DNA or proteins. It produces biologically meaningful multiple sequence alignments of divergent sequences. It calculates the best match for the selected sequences, and lines them up so that the identities, similarities and differences can be seen. Evolutionary relationships can be seen via viewing Cladograms or Phylograms.
• UGENE - Unipro: UGENE is a free cross-platform genome analysis suite. Multiple sequence alignment using MUSCLE 3,4 and KAlign; HMM profiles build and search, based on the source of HMMER 2 and HMMER 3; PCR Primers design using Primer 3; Protein secondary structure prediction using GOR IV and PSIPRED; Phylogenetic analysis with Phylip; Search for restriction enzymes and integration with REBASE; Extremely fast repeat finder; DNA reference assembly using Bowtie; Search for transcription factor binding sites using SITECON; Protein back translation; ORF finder; Complete Smith-Waterman algorithm implementation; Comparing genomes using dotplot view.
• Welcome to GENE...: Dedicated to rescuing teachers and other students from terminal boredom by helping them do real science with modern research organisms. | The GENE Project | The GENE Team | Yeast Experiments | Download files | Yeast Strains and Supplies | Photos
• What is Phylogeny (from the Tree of Life): The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree... As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications. Charles Darwin, 1859
• WhETS: Tool to get best estimate of wheat transcript sequence by combining Triticeae ESTs/mRNAs with rice genes.

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