The Molecular Biology Notebook Online
A Beginners' Guide to Molecular Biology

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecular nature of the genetic material.

View : Dr Chromo's school on the DNA

Related Links

This is a search for dna in our database

• A Gene Map of the Human Genome: The Human Genome Project is expected to produce a sequence of DNA representing the functional blueprint and evolutionary history of the human species. However, only about 3% of this sequence is thought to specify the portions of our 50,000 to 100,000 genes that encode proteins. '
• A Visit With Dr. Francis Crick (Access Excellence classic collection): What follows is a transcript of a visit with Dr. Francis Crick, co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule. Dr. Crick offers a fascinating look at the world of science at the time of this important discovery, as well as an equally fascinating glimpse into the thought processes of a brilliant scientist and thinker.
• Anatomy of a Comparative Gene Expression Study: DNA microarrays are perfectly suited for comparing gene expression in different populations of cells. The hows and whys of such an experiment provide insight into the power of microarrays, their limitations, and the kinds of biological questions which they can help to answer...
• Applied BioSystems - GeneScan (R) Analysis Software: GeneScan® Analysis software is the foundation of the ABI PRISM® genotyping software suite. Designed for any fragment analysis application, GeneScan software analyzes the raw data collected from ABI PRISM® instruments and automatically identifies, quantitates, and sizes each DNA fragment.
• Artemis Manual: This document describes release 8 of Artemis a DNA sequence viewer and sequence annotation tool.
• BLAST: BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is a set of similarity search programs designed to explore all of the available sequence databases regardless of whether the query is protein or DNA. The BLAST programs have been designed for speed, with a minimal sacrifice of sensitivity to distant sequence relationships. The scores assigned in a BLAST search have a well-defined statistical interpretation, making real matches easier to distinguish from random background hits. BLAST uses a heuristic algorithm which seeks local as opposed to global alignments and is therefore able to detect relationships among sequences which share only isolated regions of similarity (Altschul et al., 1990).
• BVtech Download and description: BVTech Plasmid is DNA plasmid drawing software.Ii is free software.You can use it to draw circle or linear plasmid map with double strands or single strand. You can label the plasmid with genes and restriction sites in different colors, text, and styles.
• Central dogma of molecular biology: The dogma is a framework for understanding the transfer of sequenceSequence In mathematics, a sequence is an ordered list of objects . Like a Set , it contains Element , and the number of terms is called the length of the sequence.... informationInformation Information as a Conveyed concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control system, data, form, instruction, knowledge, Meaning , stimulation, pattern, perception, and knowledge representation.... between sequential information-carrying biopolymerBiopolymer Biopolymers are a class of polymers produced by living organisms.Starch, proteins and peptides,and DNA and RNA are all examples of biopolymers, in which the monomeric units, respectively, are sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides.... s, in the most common or general case, in living organismOrganism In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole.... s.
• Chromas: Shareware ($39) Opens chromatogram files from Applied Biosystems DNA sequencers, Prints chromatogram with options to zoom or fit to one page. Exports sequences in plaint text, formatted with base numbering, FASTA, EMBL, GenBank or GCG formats. Copy the sequence to the clipboard in plain text or FASTA format for pasting into other applications. Export sequences from batches of chromatogram files, with automatic removal of vector sequence. Reverse & complement the sequence and chromatogram. Search for sequences by exact matching or optimal alignment. Display translations in 3 frames along with the sequence. Copy an image of a chromatogram section for pasting into documents or presentations
• Chromas Home Page: Opens chromatogram files from Applied Biosystems and Amersham MegaBace DNA sequencers. and a few more formats
• Chromatin.net: Chromatin is that portion of the cell nucleus which contains all of the DNA of the nucleus in animal or plant cells. (A small amount of special DNA is also found in the mitochondria of the cell cytoplasm outside of the cell nucleus.)
• Chromosome at the National Human Genome Research Institute: One of the threadlike packages of genes and other DNA in the nucleus of a cell.
• Chromosome Mapping: Mapping is the construction of a series of chromosome descriptions that depict the position and spacing of unique, identifiable biochemical landmarks, including some genes, that occur on the DNA of chromosomes.
• Cloning into a Plasmid: Process by which a plasmid is used to import recombinant DNA into a host cell for cloning
• Clustal W: Clustal W is a general purpose multiple sequence alignment program for DNA or proteins.It produces biologically meaningful multiple sequence alignments of divergent sequences. It calculates the best match for the selected sequences, and lines them up so that the identities, similarities and differences can be seen. Evolutionary relationships can be seen via viewing Cladograms or Phylograms.
• Crick, Francis Harry Compton: A critical influence in Crick's career was his friendship, beginning in 1951, with J. D. Watson, then a young man of 23, leading in 1953 to the proposal of the double-helical structure for DNA and the replication scheme.
• Cybergene: Quality, reliable, and affordable molecular biology services including: Oligo synthesis, DNA sequencing, Genotyping, Bioinformatics, etc.
• Data Analysis Software from the BRC: The following software for genetic data analysis were developed and made available by researchers at or affiliated with the Bioinformatics Research Center:
  • Alternative Splicing Gallery (ASG)
  • GDA
  • QTL Cartographer
  • Windows QTL Cartographer
  • Forensic DNA Mixtures
  • Hy-Phy
  • PowerMarker
  • Mixed Models and QTLs
  • Exact Tests
  • Cytonuclear Disequilibria
• deCODE: what is your name in DNA: In the seconds it takes after you press the above deCODE button, I will ...
  -Change the letters of your name to the closest DNA bases...
  -Search every one of 168,297 protein sequences from 8826 animals, plants and microorganisms...
  -And return to you, the protein that contains the closest match to... the letters of your name !!
• DNA at 50 - Home page of DNA on the BBC: A set of articles on DNA provided for the public by the BBC.
• DNA Baser: DNA Baser Assembler is unique and revolutionary bioinformatics software for manual and automatic DNA sequence assembly, DNA sequence analysis, automatic sample processing, contig editing, metadata integration, file format conversion and mutation detection.
• DNA from the beginning: A multimedia primer on the basis of DNA and heridity
• DNA learning Center: The DNA Learning Center web page contains a wide variety of online DNA resources as well as information on our many workshops, field trips, courses and products.
• DNA ligase (pdb - molecule of the month): DNA ligase reconnects DNA strands when they are broken. It uses a cofactor molecule (shown in red) for power and a special lysine amino acid (shown in magenta) to perform the reaction.
• DNA ligation protocol: DNA ligation is the process of joining together two DNA molecule ends (either from the same or different molecules). Specifically, it involves creating a phosphodiester bond bond between the 3\' hydroxyl of one nucleotide and the 5\' phosphate of another. This reaction is usually catalyzed by a DNA ligase enzyme. This enzyme will ligate DNA fragments having blunt or overhanging, complementary, \'sticky\' ends. Typically, it is easier to ligate molecules with complementary sticky ends than blunt ends. T4 DNA ligase is the most commonly used DNA ligase for molecular biology techniques and can ligate \'sticky\' or blunt ends.
• DNA makes RNA: Animated outline of DNA transcription to RNA
• DNA Microarrays (list of resources): Here are some interesting web sites and papers which will introduce you to one of the more exciting technological beakthroughs in genomics -- DNA microarrays. This site is far from a comprehensive listing, but it may be a good place to start.
• DNA Workshop: The activity in this section places you within the cell, involving you with the processes of DNA replication and protein synthesis.
• DNA-O-gram: Say it with DNA.
• DNA2.0 Bioinformatics toolbox: This collection of javascript bioinformatics software is a convenient, user friendly and free resource for anyone interested in generating, formatting and analyzing DNA and protein sequences. The goal here is to support your gene design efforts as much as possible so that you can focus on doing research instead of spending time on decoding cryptic software manuals.
• DNAi: Finding the DNA structure: Problem: Your mission is to solve the structure of DNA.
• DNASTAR: Lasergene: LASERGENE is a well-established, internationally renowned, bioinformatics computing suite for Windows or Macintosh, designed, developed and supported by DNASTAR Incc
• ENS transcriptome platform web site: The Genomic Service from the Biology Department (SGDB) is located within the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. The SGDB transcriptome platform is intended to produce DNA microarrays and to offer for scientific community use facilities to make the most of these DNA micorarrays (genes list, protocols, scanner, image analyses workstation, practical training, etc...).
• Expressed Sequence Tags (dEST): dbEST (Nature Genetics 4:332-3;1993) is a division of GenBank that contains sequence data and other information on "single-pass" cDNA sequences, or Expressed Sequence Tags, from a number of organisms. A brief account of the history and current status of human ESTs in GenBank is available (Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:295-6;1995). Also, consult the special "Genome Directory" issue of Nature (vol. 377, issue 6547S, 28 September 1995).
• fastDNAml construction of phylogenetic trees of DNA Sequences: References:
  Olsen, G. J., Matsuda, H., Hagstrom, R., and Overbeek, R. 1994. fastDNAml: A tool for construction of phylogenetic trees of DNA sequences using maximum likelihood. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10: 41-48.
  Felsenstein, J. 1981. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach. J. Mol. Evol. 17: 368-376.
  
• FreeTree:  Construction and bootstrap analysis of DNA fingerprinting-based phylogenetic trees with the freeware program FreeTree: application to trichomonad parasites, by V. Hampl, A. Pavlicek and J. Flegr
• GenBank: GenBank is the NIH genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences ( Nucleic Acids Research 1998 Jan 1;26(1):1-7). There are approximately 1,622,000,000 bases in 2,356,000 sequence records as of June 1998. As an example, you may view the record for the neurofibromatosis gene.
• Gene Designer 2.0 : FREE bioinformatics software application. The dynamic drag-and-drop sequence functionality to create genes with Gene Designer has been awarded US Patent #7,805,252. This unique interface technology created by DNA2.0 scientists enables users to quickly represent nucleic acid sequences and to move them around with ease.
• Geneious website: Geneious combines all the leading DNA and protein sequence analysis tools into one revolutionary software solution! Its ease of use makes bioinformatics accessible to any biologist. It runs on all major operating systems and is very affordable.
• Genome Database: Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, USA in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort to analyze the structure of human DNA and determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated worldwide by those researchers engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP).
• Genomics Jump station: The Genomics Jump Station: The ultimate Web page for information and links on all aspects of Genomics Research. Institutes and groups involved in functional genomics, companies involved in functional genomics, publications on functional genomics, analysis of protein sequences, analysis of DNA sequences.
• Gilbert, Walter: In the middle seventies, Allan Maxam and I developed the rapid chemical DNA sequencing. At this time, I also became interested in and developed some of the recombinant DNA techniques
• HHMI's BioInteractive: Virtual Labs: Use cutting-edge DNA sequencing techniques and powerful database searches to identify an unknown bacterial species! In this lab, you will learn about polymerase chain reaction (PCR), automatic DNA sequencers, and the science of using a database of known DNA sequences to identify an organism.
• HUSAR: We put the most up-to-date databases and software packages at your fingertips. Our main program package - HUSAR - offers more than 250 applications for DNA and protein analysis. In addition to the latest, complete version of the GCG package (which makes up only about 50% of our applications), you can use tools developed by us and by ranking researchers in the bioinformatics field.
• IMGT - International ImMunoGeneTics Database: IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database, is a high-quality integrated database specialising in Immunoglobulins (Ig), T-cell receptors (TcR) and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules of all vertebrate species. IMGT includes two databases : LIGM-DB, a comprehensive database of Ig and TcR from human and other vertebrates and MHC/HLA-DB (in development). A tool, IMGT/DNAPLOT, will allow Ig, TcR and MHC sequence analysis.
• Improbizer: Improbizer searches for motifs in DNA or RNA sequences that occur with improbable frequency (to be just chance) using a variation of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.
• Interactive Tutorial on DNA using jmol: This tutorial is designed to complement an introduction to DNA, by providing tools for a self-directed exploration. It does not tell a story (but does offer questions for students and a lesson plan for teachers).
• Leber Optic Atrophy: LHON presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. To date, the disease has been associated with 18 missense mutations in the mtDNA that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease.
• MAC5: MAC5 is a program which implements MCMC sampling to estimate a phylogenetic tree from a DNA multiple alignment. What differentiates MAC5 from similar programs (e.g. BAMBE, MrBayes) is its use of five-state sequence evolution models as a means to include the gap information when estimating an alignment. Despite vilification of these models in the literature in the past (e.g., Durbin et al., 1998, p. 217), we have found that, in many circumstances, they are useful for improving the precision of topology estimation.
• mFOLD: The objective of this web server is to provide easy access to RNA and DNA folding and hybridization software to the scientific community at large. By making use of universally available web GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces), the server circumvents the problem of portability of this software. Detailed output, in the form of structure plots with or without reliability information, single strand frequency plots and ‘energy dot plots’, are available for the folding of single sequences.
• MIAHIMA: Method for Inferring Sequence History In Terms of Multiple Alignment: MISHIMA is a program for multiple DNA sequence alignment. It takes input in FASTA format and outputs the alignment in MISHIMA or CLUSTALW format. The idea of this program is to use heuristic to quickly find similarities shared by multiple sequences. Those similarities are then used to split the input sequences into fragments which are aligned separately. After that the partial alignments are assembled back together for complete alignment.
• Microarray Gene Expression Database Group: The MGED group is an open discussion group initially established at the Microarray Gene Expression Database meeting MGED 1 (November, 1999, Cambridge, UK). The goal of the group is to facilitate the adoption of standards for DNA-array experiment annotation and data representation, as well as the introduction of standard experimental controls and data normalisation methods.
• Microarray User Group: The purpose of the Microarray User Group is to allow users and potential users of glass or filter cDNA arrays to share information and reagents. The members listing contains, along with contact information, the array format each user employs. This will allow individual user group members to contact each other regarding a specific format - technical questions, advice about analysis, or requests for reagents.
• MitoMap: a human mitochondrial genome database: A compendium of polymorphisms and mutations of the human mitochondrial DNA.
• Molecular Biology Protocols: Contains information about Buffers, RNA extractions, DNA techniques, Transformations, and Gels
• MolMol: MOLecule analysis and MOLecule display: MOLMOL is a molecular graphics program for displaying, analyzing, and manipulating the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules, with special emphasis on the study of protein or DNA structures determined by NMR.
• National Centre for Biotechnology Education (UK).: The NCBE was the first biotechnology education centre in the world (predating Cold Spring Harbor's DNA Learning Center by a year). It remains the only centre in Europe dedicated solely to biotechnology education at this level.
• Paper on FreeTree - tree computation program: It was originally intended for the analysis of results of DNA fingerprinting methods (RFLP, RAPD, AP-PCR) or other methods which provide binary character data (presence/absence of the characters). For such data the program computes the distance matrix, constructs the phylogenetic or phenetic tree and computes bootstrapping or jackknifing values for internal branches of the tree.
• POLAND: Thermal denaturation: The Poland server will calculate the thermal denaturation profile of double-stranded RNA, DNA or RNA/DNA-hybrids based on sequence input and parameter settings in this form.
• Protein Explorer: Protein Explorer is free software for visualizing the three-dimensional structures of protein, DNA, and RNA macromolecules, and their interactions and binding of ligands, inhibitors, and drugs. It is arguably the easiest-to-use software of its kind.
• PVanal: A package was produced at Rothamsted (PJ Verrier) to explore (at the time) the latest techniques of analysis. The program (PVanal) produced has now been used to analyse many cDNA array experiments and the resultant analysis has been checked using RT-PCR and other methods.
• QuickGene: QuickGene is a molecular biology program for DNA analysis, assembly and cloning - QuickGene Single User License €295.00
• RAPD Resources: Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis Protocols for RAPD maize_nomenclature.html Rapid Cyclist Table of Contents BioGuide (good starting point)
• RawDot: Large Dot Plots. This page accesses a very fast dot plot algorithm designed for large DNA sequences. This demonstration only allows a sequence to be compared with itself.
• Reputer. Search for repeats in a DNA sequence: REPuter computes all maximal duplications and reverse, complemented and reverse complemented repeats in a DNA input sequence.
• RESearch - a new computer program for DNA analysis: The main design philosophy behind the development of RESearch was to make the basic DNA analysis tools readily available on IBM PCs, and to make them easy to use. RESearch enables molecular biologists to analyse a GCG formatted sequence in several ways including searching for short nucleotide sequences and restriction enzyme sites, translating open reading frames and searching for short amino acid sequences.
• Restriction Mapper: Restriction Mapper is a web site that finds restriction endonuclease cleavage sites in DNA sequences. It supports linear and circular DNA and provides several ways to sort and filter output.
• SAT: Sequence Alignment Teacher: Dynamic programming (DP) is a general optimization strategy that is successfully used across various disciplines of science. In bioinformatics, it is widely applied in calculating the optimal alignment between pairs of protein or DNA sequences. These alignments form the basis of new, verifiable biological hypothesis. Despite its importance, there are no interactive tools available for training and education on understanding the DP algorithm. Here, we introduce an interactive computer application with a graphical interface, for the purpose of educating students about DP. The program displays the DP scoring matrix and the resulting optimal alignment(s), while allowing the user to modify key parameters such as the values in the similarity matrix, the sequence alignment algorithm version and the gap opening/extension penalties.
• SeqSearch: SeqSearch is build around a collection of databases for restriction enzymes, DNA sequences, plasmids, contructs, oligo's and motifs and offers an extended set of editing and analysis tools.
• Serial Cloner: Serial Cloner is a Molecular Biology software. It provides tools with an intuitive interface that assists you in DNA cloning, sequence analysis and visualization.
• SIGMA: The entire Sigma catalog on line. Search by name, number, chemical structure and any key word. All Biochemicals for any type of laboratory work. All types of PCR reagents (Taq, JumpStart Taq, RedTaq, AccuTaq, dNTPs, custom oligos etc) Sequencing reagents (gels, plates, clean-up kits) DNA and RNA purification kits (plasmid, genomic, etc) Recombinant protein expression (Trasnfection reagents, vectors, media, competent cells, purification supports, western blotting reagents etc) Cell culture reagents (media, fetal bovine serum) Cell signaling reagents (antibodies, reagents, kits)
  
  Package inserts on-line. MSDS info on-line. Orders taken on-line - handled by your local Sigma-Aldrich office. Pricing on-line in most national currencies. Technical Services ("Ask a Scientist") on-line
• Southern Blot: This is a brief overview of how a Southern blot (more formally called an DNA blot) is performed and what type of data you can obtain form one.
• Spanish Omelette: analogy to fundamental dogma: The following is a good way to show the relationships among cell, nucleus, genes, chromosome, ribosome, replication, mitosis, transcription, translation, DNA, RNA, amino acids and proteins, genotype, phenotype, and genetic vs. environmental causes of cell defects.
• Staden Site at sanger: The Staden Package consists of a series of tools for DNA sequence preparation (pregap4), assembly (gap4), editing (gap4) and DNA/protein sequence analysis (spin). The package was originally developed at the MRC-LMB in Cambridge. It is now open source (BSD licence) and is hosted on sourceforge.net.
• The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA - The Double Helix: The work of many scientists paved the way for the exploration of DNA. Way back in 1868, almost a century before the Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins, a young Swiss physician named Friedrich Miescher, isolated something no one had ever seen before from the nuclei of cells. He called the compound nuclein. This is today called nucleic acid, the NA in DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic-acid) and RNA (ribo-nucleic-acid).
• The DNA Files: The genetic revolution affects us every day: our health, our food, our families. The DNA Files explains how.
• TIGR - Genome Projects: TIGR\'s Genome Projects are a collection of curated databases containing DNA and protein sequence, gene expression, cellular role, protein family, and taxonomic data for microbes, plants and humans.
• TmPrime: TmPrime is a computer program to design oligonucleotide sets for LCR- and PCR-based gene synthesis to construct man-made DNA sequences by assembling pools of oligonucleotides. The program divides the long input DNA sequence based on the user specified melting temperatures and assembly conditions, and dynamically optimizes the length of oligonucleotides to achieve homologous melting temperatures. The output reports the melting temperatures, oligonucleotide sequences, and potential formation of secondary structures in a PDF file which will be sent to you via email.
• TraceEdit: Ridom TraceEdit is a cross-platform graphical DNA trace viewer and editor. TraceEdit displays the chromatogram files from Applied Biosystems automated sequencers and files in the Staden SCF format. Incorrect base calls can be edited and saved. TraceEdit is freely available and designed to operate on Windows, MacOS X and UNIX platforms
• Transformation of Competent cells: Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA (e.g plasmids, BAC) into a bacterium. Bacterial cells into which foreign DNA can be transformed are called competent.
• Tree inference at the T-REX server: The most comprehensive web server version includes methods for Visualization and interactive manipulation of phylogenetic trees (using Hierarchical, Radial and Axial types of drawing); Inference of phylogenetic trees using distance (NJ, BioNJ, UNJ, ADDTREE, MW, FITCH, Circular order reconstruction),parsimony (DNAPARS, PROTPARS, PARS, DOLLOP) and maximum likelihood (PHYML, DNAML, DNAMLK, PROML, PROMLK) based approaches; Inference of phylogenetic trees form incomplete distance matrices; Inference of phylogenetic networks (i.e. Reticulograms); Detection of horizontal gene transfers; Multiple sequence alignment (ClustalW), Sequence to distance transformations(using Uncorrected, Jukes-Cantor, Tajima-Nei, Kimura 2-parameter, Tamura, Jin-Nei gamma, Kimura protein, LogDet and F84 distances); Computation of the Robison and Foulds topological distance between two or more trees. The program can also carry out bootstrap and jackknife resampling to assess strength of support of the tree and network branches.
• Tree View Manual: TREEVIEW is a program for displaying and printing phylogenies. The program reads most NEXUS tree files (such as those produced by PAUP and COMPONENT) and PHYLIP style tree files (including those produced by fastDNAml and CLUSTALW). It is available for both Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows PCs.
• Tutorial on ClustalW: Clustal W is a general purpose global multiple sequence alignment program for DNA or proteins. It produces biologically meaningful multiple sequence alignments of divergent sequences. It calculates the best match for the selected sequences, and lines them up so that the identities, similarities and differences can be seen. Evolutionary relationships can be seen via viewing Cladograms or Phylograms.
• Tutorials (animations): Play online or download titles from a list of animations covering DNA science concepts.
• UGENE - Unipro: UGENE is a free cross-platform genome analysis suite. Multiple sequence alignment using MUSCLE 3,4 and KAlign; HMM profiles build and search, based on the source of HMMER 2 and HMMER 3; PCR Primers design using Primer 3; Protein secondary structure prediction using GOR IV and PSIPRED; Phylogenetic analysis with Phylip; Search for restriction enzymes and integration with REBASE; Extremely fast repeat finder; DNA reference assembly using Bowtie; Search for transcription factor binding sites using SITECON; Protein back translation; ORF finder; Complete Smith-Waterman algorithm implementation; Comparing genomes using dotplot view.
• Vector Data from Invitrogen: Information on Invitrogen Vector Data Files: The search will display a table containing links to Vector Maps, DNA Sequences (ASCII/Text format), Restriction analyses (ASCII/Text format) and multiple cloning site detail sheets (pdf).
• Watson, James Dewey: He soon met Crick and discovered their common interest in solving the DNA structure. They thought it should be possible to correctly guess its structure, ...
• Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick: The discovery of the well-defined patterns led to the deriving of the molecular structure of DNA. Further X-ray studies established the correctness of the Watson-Crick proposal for DNA structure.
• YouTube: Transcription and Translation: This is another clip from the PBS production DNA: The Secret of Life. A Windfall Films Production for Thirteen/WNET New York in association with Channel Four

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Web technical : Nathalie Castells-Brooke